COMMUNICATIONS

SYSTEM’S MODELING
IRINEO P. QUINTO
ECE / REE

IPQUINTO
 MODEL
A model is a representation of some
properties of the system
The properties needed in the model
depend on the type, purpose and
complexity of the desired model
Model can be classified as Mathematical,
Logical or Physical

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THE COST NETWORK MODEL
The different parts of the communication
system are represented by cost or length
values
These costs are applied to links and nodes
Cost is only reflected on each link
The value indicated on each link includes
the cost of the link, the cost incurred in
traversing the link, the length of the link
and other necessary link property
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 SERIES RULE

a b n

Cs = a + b + . . . . . . . . . + n

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PARALLEL RULE
a
b

Cp = min (a, b, . . . . . . n)

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 SHORTEST PATH
Label the origin zero (0).
Check all unlabeled nodes A
adjacent to any of the
already labeled nodes B.
Find node A for which Db +
dab is a minimum. Db is the
label of node B while dab is
the value or cost associated
with link AB.
Label node B found in step 2
with Db = min (Da + dab).
This is the shortest distance
from the origin to the newly
labeled node and link AB is
part of the shortest path.
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Repeat steps 2 and 3 until one
of the following is satisfied:
 The destination node is
labeled if the shortest path to
this node is desired.
 All nodes in the network are
already labeled.
 NO further nodes can be
labeled. In this case, it
means that no path exists
between the origin and the
unlabeled nodes.
APPLICATION OF MINIMUM
COST PATH
Routing of calls and messages for
optimum efficiency and best utilization.
Routing in networks of variable
connectivity.
Testing of proposed network
configurations.
Establishment of service charges and
tariffs.

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 ABSORPTION RULE FOR
MINIMUM COST NETWORK
The absorption rule states that “if a link in
a minimum cost network is not the only
shortest path between its two end points,
the link can be removed from the network
without affecting the length or routing of
any shortest path in the network”.

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ABSORPTION RULE
b

a n

A B
x
If x ≥ a + b + . . . . . . . . . . + n,
then link AB can be removed
without changing any shortest
path.

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 SHORTEST CONNECTION
NETWORK
Select the shortest link
in the given network
which is not yet been
chosen and does not
form a loop with those
already selected.
Repeat step 1 (N – 1)
times. This constitutes
the shortest connecting
tree.
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Delete the longest link
whose deletion will not
cause the remaining
nodes to become
disconnected.
Repeat 1 until only (N –
1) links remain. This
constitutes the shortest
connecting tree.
APPLICATIONS OF SHORTEST
CONNECTING TREE
Routing of multiple address messages
and setting-up conference calls
Leasing of private networks
Multiple user connections
Used on networks that represent
reliability, survivability and security

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THE FLOW NETWORK MODEL
The flow network model is used whenever there
is a need to determine the information carrying
capacity of the communication system. This is
also called “Transportation or Capacitated”
network model.
In a flow network, a node acts as a source,
relaying points or sink for one or more
commodities
A commodity refers to the type of signal passing
through the channel
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QUESTIONS ANSWERED BY THE
FLOW NETWORK MODEL
What is the maximum information rate
between two given nodes?
Can a network with known channel
capacity satisfy a simultaneous set of
communication demands from the
different nodes?
How should the traffic be routed in order
to maximize the rate of transmission or to
satisfy the demands?

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 SERIES RULE

a b n

Cs = min(a, b, . . . . . . . . . n)

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PARALLEL RULE
a
b

Cp = a + b + . . . . . . + n

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 PROCEDURE IN DETERMINING THE
MAXIMUM FLOW OF COMMODITY FROM
ONE NODE TO ANOTHER
Examine the cut separating the origin and the
destination from the rest of the network.
Calculate the total link capacity of each cut.
The lower of these two values could be the
maximum flow.
Find a path from the origin to the destination
where the commodity may be routed without
exceeding any given channel capacity along
the path.
Determine the total number of commodities
flowing towards the destination. This is the
maximum flow.
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CLASSIFICATION OF CHANNEL
I. According to Direction of Transmission
- Undirected (two-way)
- Directed (one way)
- Mixed
II. According to Number of Parameters Associated with
each Link
- Single Parameter
- Multi-parameter
III. According to the Relations of the Links
- Correlated (same variables appear in different
branches)
- Uncorrelated (link parameters are independent
of those of the other link)
IPQUINTO
DELTA TO WYE /WYE TO DELTA
CONVERSION
a B C
c b

TYPE OF WYE TO DELTA DELTA TO WYE

NETWORK

COST A=b+c a=(B+C-A)/2

if (B+C)≥A≥(B-C)
a=0 if A>(B+C)
a=min(B,C) if A<(B-C)

CAPACITY A=(b+c-a)/2 a=B+C

If (b+c)≥a≥(b-c)
A=0 if a>(b+c)
A=min(b,c) if a<(b-c)

SWITCHING A = bc a=B+C

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