LANDSCAPE AND

SITE PLANNING
GROUP 1:
17041AA081,82,83,85
 Landscape architecture :
 Landscape architecture  is the art and science of
planning and design of outdoor public areas,
landmarks, and structures to achieve the
environmental, social-behavioral, or aesthetic
outcomes.
 It involves the systematic investigation of existing
social, ecological, and geological conditions and
processes in the landscape, and the design of
interventions that will produce the desired outcome.
 For the period before 1800, the history of landscape
gardening (later called landscape architecture) is
largely that of master planning and garden design
for manor houses, palaces and royal properties,
religious complexes, and centers of government.
HARDSCAPE :
 It includes heavy elements in
the design , such as rocks
and stones so that all spaces
covered and the
implementation of the
project starts so that they
form the borders of green
spaces .
 Examples : walkways ,
driveways , patios ,swimming
pools ,irrigation systems ,
fountains , stone benches .
 SOFTSCAPE :

 it is the elements that give

life to the design after
closing of the hardscape
elements to complete the
scene is made up of plants of
all kinds : grass , trees ,
bushes , flowers , soil.
PERSIAN GARDEN
Persian gardens :
 The tradition and style in the garden design of Persian garden has
influenced the design of gardens from Spain to India and beyond. And they
follow the gardening styles of Egypt.
 The local climate ,high walled structures , shady trees , water streams and
fountains are the factors which makes the Persian garden a paradise on
earth.
Types of Persian gardens :

FORMAL:
Hayat [public or private]
Meidan [public]
Char bagh [private garden]

CASUAL :
Bagh [private]
Park[public]
ELEMENTS OF PERSIAN
LANDSCAPPING
 shade
 sunlight
 water
 Buildings
 Persian gardens often connect internal yard gardens with surroundings outward gardens
 Water pathways
 Overall rectangular geometry of garden.
 Symmetry
 Fountains
 Arches
Shade –
 shade is important element due to
heat of Iraq .
 The Persian gardens include trees,
shrubs and trellises which work as biotic
shades to provide protection from strong
sunrays.
 Walls and pavilions are also important in
blocking the harsh sunrays.
Water –
 In desert regions there are many dry
areas , therefore water comes as the next
important element in the Persian garden.
 Trees are planted in a ditch called jub, to
prevent water evaporation and allow quick
access of water to tree roots .
CHINESE GARDENS:
 The main principle of Chinese garden art is to recreate nature , to present
its essence without an artificial effect.
 The design of Chinese garden is a process of abstraction and stylization of
the existing landscape.
 The 6 main elements of Chinese garden are :
Rocks
Water
Vegetation
Pathways
Bridges
Garden structures.
CLASSIFICATION OF CHINESE
GARDENS :

• Imperial style Chinese garden

• Scholarly style Chinese garden
ITALIAN RENNAISSANCE GARDENS :

 Italian gardens also known as Italian renaissance gardens.

 Italian garden is stylistically based on :
symmetry
axial geometry
the principle of imposing order over nature.
 It influenced the history of gardening , especially French
gardens and English gardens .
 Division of Italian gardens :
gardens of early Italian renaissance [1450-1530]
gardens of high renaissance [1520 – 1580]
mannerism and the gardens of late renaissance [1550- 1600]
ELEMENTS :
 Staircases
 Balustrades
 Sculptures
 Cascades pavilion
 Parterres
 Hedges
 Shady walkways
 Water fountains
 Pavement
 Grotto
 promenade
SPANISH GARDEN
SPANISH GARDENS:
 A traditional Spanish Garden is a style of garden or designed
landscape developed in historic Spain.
 Incorporating principles and elements of garden design from
precedents in ancient Persian gardens, Roman gardens and Islamic
gardens
 Gardens have fruit trees and fragrant plants.
 Thus, characteristic sensory experiences are refreshing coolness,
sounds, greenery, and fragrance.
 This type of garden is compatible with the Spanish climate of sun
and heat.
 Provisions for shade are given with the use of arcades, pergolas,
trellising, and garden pavilions
 Ceramic elements and tiles are often used: in water features; for
structural, decorative, and seating .
ELEMENTS IN SPANISH GARDEN :

 COURTYARDS - These courtyards always include

a water feature or reflection pool.
 TERRACES – located throughout the design ,
often providing overviews of the gardens below .
Seating areas and potted plants are incorporated
into these areas as well.
 FOUNTAIN :Getting influence from Islamic
gardens ,Spanish gardens differ by consisting of
multiple small water fountains throughout.
 REFLECTING POOLS : Are also from Islamic
gardens , they are often the focal point to major
entryways and courtyards . Reflecting pools are
designed in geometric shaped , symmetrical
planting beds.
 SYMMETRY : It is one of the main element of
original Spanish garden . There design will have
some symmetrical areas to hold the authenticity
of true Spanish garden.
 Curves and arches
 Painted tiles
 Ornamental iron
work
 Balconies to enjoy
the fresh air and
views.
 Ceramic elements
and tiles
 Fountains
 Pottery.
FRENCH GARDENS
 FRENCH GARDENS :
 The French formal garden, is a style of garden based
on symmetry and the principle of imposing order over
nature.
 The Garden OF FRANCE evolved from the Italian
Renaissance garden, a style which was imported into
France at the beginning of the 16th century.
 created in geometric patterns, and laid out
symmetrical; the use of fountains and casades to
animate the garden.
 stairways and ramps to unite different levels of the
garden. 
 The gardens were designed to represent harmony and
order.
 Lots of round or rectangular pools can also be found.
 Fountains and cascades are also common features.
 A geometric plan using the most recent discoveries
of perspective and optics.
 A terrace overlooking the garden, allowing the visitor
to see all at once the entire garden.
 Trees are planted in straight lines, and carefully
trimmed, and their tops are trimmed at a set height.
 The residence serves as the central point of the
garden, and its central ornament.
 No trees are planted close to the house; rather, the
house is set apart by low parterres and trimmed
bushes.
 The principle axis is composed of a lawn, or a basin of
water, bordered by trees.
 The most elaborate  planting beds, in the shape of
squares, ovals, circles or scrolls, are placed in a
regular and geometric order close to the house, to
complement the architecture and to be seen from
above from the reception rooms of the house.
 Paths are generally made using gravel.
 THEATRE : These gardens were often used
as settings for plays , spectacles , concerts
and display of fireworks.
 PERSPECTIVE : The architects of garden
created illusions of greater distances . This
was done by having alleys becoming narrower,
having rows of tree coverage , trimming
plants to become shorter as they farther
went away from house .
TECHNOLOGIES :
 geoplastie [science of moving large amounts
of earth] was used for the construction of
level terraces , canals and basins.
 Science of hydrology[bringing water to
gardens for irrigation and fountains]
 Horticulture
 Hydroplasie – art of shaping water.
 MUGHAL GARDENS :

 Mughal gardens are a group of gardens built by the Mughals in

the Islamic style of architecture.
 This style was heavily influenced by the Persian .
  Significant use of rectilinear layouts are made within the
walled enclosures.
 Some of the typical features include pools, fountains and
canals inside the gardens.
 Its essential features include running water and a pool to
reflect the beauties of sky and garden
 trees of various sorts, some to provide shade and others to
produce fruits; flowers.
 The Mughals were obsessed with symbol and
incorporated it into their gardens in many ways.
 The standard Quranic references to paradise
were in the architecture layout, and in the
choice of plant life.
 The numbers eight and nine were considered
auspicious by the Mughals and can be found in
the number of terraces or in garden architecture
such as octagonal pools
ENGLISH GARDENS :

 English gardens is a style of landscape garden

which emerged in England in the early 18th
century, and spread across Europe, replacing the
more formal, symmetrical Spanish gardening style
of 17th century as the principal gardening style of
Europe.
 The gardens usually presented an idealistic view
of nature.
ELEMENTS FOUND IN ENGLISH
GARDEN :

 Groves of trees
 Bridges
 Lawns
 Ruins of a classical temple
 Lake or water body
 LAKES :
The lake present in English gardens
are mostly man made but all appeared to be
natural forming basins.
 HA HA WALLS :
The purpose of ha ha wall was to
separate garden from the grazing land but was
invisible from distance.
 TREE GROOVES :
Tree grooves were spread throughout
the landscape with paths that allowed the
gardens users to wander in and out of the
grooves and provide a view of rolling lawns against
mass Tree planting.
 GROTTOS :
They are man made ,but
built to resemble a dark natural
forming cave.
 ROLLING LAWNS :
Rolling lawn topography
allowed visitors for surprises as
they come around mounts or
niches.
 BEE SKEP

WATTLE EDGING NATURAL

AND PANELS STONE
RECREATIONS RUINS
OF CLASSIC
BUILDINGS
JAPANESE GARDEN
Japanese gardens :

 Japanese gardens are fascinated for

many reasons like aspects of art ,
architecture , science etc.
 It is connected with the introduction of
improving methods in horticulture .

 ORIGIN:
Gardening in japan started in 6th
century AD. Wet rice farming was
considered as landscaping.
 STONE LANTERNS
 STONE BASINS
 BUDDHIST SCULPTURES
 WELLS
 STEPPING STONES
 BAMBOO FENCES
 USE OF ROCK :
Rocks are smooth and smaller in
size. They are heavier and denser.

 USE OF STONE :
stone was an important factor
in Japanese garden .used to create ritual places.

 COURTYARDS : Two types - warm

courtyards and cold courtyards.
 Warm courtyards were designed in north
japan .
 Cool courtyards were designed in south
japan.
THANK YOU