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WINSEM2017-18 - EEE1001 - ETH - SJT709 - VL2017185004586 - Reference Material I - Power in AC Circuits
WINSEM2017-18 - EEE1001 - ETH - SJT709 - VL2017185004586 - Reference Material I - Power in AC Circuits
Introduction
Power in Resistive Components
Power in Capacitors
Power in Inductors
Circuits with Resistance and Reactance
Active and Reactive Power
Power Factor Correction
Power Transfer
Three-Phase Systems
Power Measurement
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Introduction 16.1
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Power in Capacitors 16.3
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Power in Inductors 16.4
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Circuit with Resistance and Reactance 16.5
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From the above discussion it is clear that
P VI cos
S cos
P
Power factor cos
S
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Active and Reactive Power 16.6
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Therefore
Apparent Power S = VI VA
S2 = P2 + Q 2
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Power Factor Correction 16.7
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Power Transfer 16.8
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Thus if the output impedance Zo = R + jX, maximum
power transfer will occur with a load ZL = R - jX
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Three-Phase Systems 16.9
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Relationship between the phases in a three-phase
arrangement
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Three-phase arrangements may use either 3 or 4
conductors
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Power Measurement 16.10
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In three-phase systems we need to sum the power
taken from the various phases
– in three-wire arrangements we can deduce the total
power from measurements using 2 wattmeter
– in a four-wire system it may be necessary to use 3
wattmeter
– in balanced systems (systems that take equal power
from each phase) a single wattmeter can be used, its
reading being multiplied by 3 to get the total power
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Key Points
In resistive circuits the average power is equal to VI, where
V and I are r.m.s. values
In a capacitor the current leads the voltage by 90 and the
average power is zero
In an inductor the current lags the voltage by 90 and the
average power is zero
In circuits with both resistive and reactive elements, the
average power is VI cos
The term cos is called the power factor
Power factor correction is important in high-power systems
High-power systems often use three-phase arrangements
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