Professional Documents
Culture Documents
15-Finite Wordlength
15-Finite Wordlength
1 Professor A G Constantinides
Q
ei (k )
Input
Q Q
ei ,o (k )
2 2
2 Professor A G Constantinides
Finite Wordlength Effects
• The pdf for e using rounding
1
Q
Q Q
2 2
Q 2
• Noise power 2 2
e p (e).de E{e } 2
Q 2
or 2
2 Q
12
3 Professor A G Constantinides
Finite Wordlength Effects
• Let input signal be sinusoidal of unity
amplitude. Then total signal power P 1
2
b
• If b bits used for binary then Q 2 2
2 2b
so that 2 3
• Hence 2 3 2b
P .2
2
or SNR 1.8 6b dB
4 Professor A G Constantinides
1
H ( z) 1 2
1 az bz
1
H ( z) 1 2 2
1 2 cos .z .z
INPUT OUTPUT
7 Professor A G Constantinides
Limit-cycles; "Effective Pole"
Model; Deadband
• Observe that for H ( z ) 1
(1 b1 z 1 b2 z 2 )
• instability occurs when b2 1
• i.e. poles are
• (i) either on unit circle when complex
• (ii) or one real pole is outside unit
circle.
• Instability under the "effective pole" model
8
is considered as follows Professor A G Constantinides
9 Professor A G Constantinides
k
hk .sin (k 1)
sin
12 Professor A G Constantinides
Finite Wordlength Effects
1 b1
• Where b2 cos
2 b2
• If b2 1 then the response is sinusiodal
with frequency
1 1 b1
cos 2
T
• Thus product quantisation causes instability
implying an "effective “ b2 1 .
13 Professor A G Constantinides
Finite Wordlength Effects
• Consider infinite precision computations for
yk xk yk 1 0.9 yk 2 x0 10
xk 0 ; k 0
10
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-10 -5 0 5 10
14 Professor A G Constantinides
Finite Wordlength Effects
• Now the same operation with integer
precision
10
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-10 -5 0 5 10
15 Professor A G Constantinides
Finite Wordlength Effects
16 Professor A G Constantinides
Finite Wordlength Effects
• FIR filters
17 Professor A G Constantinides
Finite Wordlength Effects
• Assume e1 (k ) , e2 (k ) ….. are not
correlated, random processes etc.
2 2 2 Q 2
0i e hi (k ) 2
k 0 e 12
Hence total output noise power
2 2 2 22b 2 k sin 2 (k 1)
0 01 02 2. .
12 k 0 sin 2
b
• Where Q 2 and
sin (k 1)
k
h1 (k ) h2 ( k ) . ; k 0
sin
18 Professor A G Constantinides
Finite Wordlength Effects
• ie
2b
2 2 1 2
1
0 .
6 1 1 4 2 2 cos 2
2
19 Professor A G Constantinides
Finite Wordlength Effects
A(n) B(n+1)
• For FFT
B(n) -
B(n+1)
W(n)
A( n 1) A( n) W ( n).B ( n)
B ( n 1) A( n) W ( n).B ( n)
A(n)
A(n+1)
B(n+1)
B(n) B(n)W(n)
20 Professor A G Constantinides
Finite Wordlength Effects
• FFT
2 2
A(n 1) B (n 1) 2
2 2
A(n 1) 2 A(n)
A(n) 2 A(n)
• AVERAGE GROWTH: 1/2 BIT/PASS
21 Professor A G Constantinides
Finite Wordlength Effects
IMAG 1.0
• FFT
-1.0 1.0
REAL
-1.0
Ax ( n 1) Ax ( n) Bx ( n)C ( n) B y ( n) S ( n)
Ax ( n 1) Ax ( n) Bx ( n) C ( n) B y ( n) S ( n)
Ax ( n 1)
1.0 C ( n) S ( n) 2.414....
Ax ( n)
• Modelled as
x(n) + ~
x ( n) x ( n) q ( n)
q(n)
23 Professor A G Constantinides
Finite Wordlength Effects
• For rounding operations q(n) is uniform
distributed between Q2 , Q2
and where Q is
the quantisation step (i.e. in a wordlength of
bits with sign magnitude representation or
mod 2, Q 2 b ).
• A discrete-time system with quantisation at
the output of each multiplier may be
considered as a multi-input linear system
24 Professor A G Constantinides
Finite Wordlength Effects
• FFT
q1 (n)...q2 ( n)...q p (n)
26 Professor A G Constantinides
Finite Wordlength Effects
• However
h (n) h(n)
n 0 n 0
• And hence
pQ
y ( n) . h( n)
2 n 0
• ie we can estimate the maximum swing at
the output from the system parameters and
quantisation level
27 Professor A G Constantinides