Prepared by

Coby Harmon
University of California, Santa Barbara
Westmont College
19-1

Accounting for Income Taxes
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Describe the fundamentals of
accounting for income taxes.
2. Identify additional issues in
accounting for income taxes.
19-2
CHAPTER 19
3. Explain the accounting for loss
carrybacks and loss
carryforwards.
4. Describe the presentation of
deferred income taxes in
financial statements.
 PREVIEW OF CHAPTER 19

Intermediate Accounting
IFRS 3rd Edition
Kieso ● Weygandt ● Warfield
19-3
 Akuntansi Pajak LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1
Describe the fundamentals of
Penghasilan accounting for income taxes.

Perusahaan harus melaporkan pengembalian pajak sesuai

dengan pedoman yang dikembangkan oleh otoritas pajak yang
sesuai.

Karena IFRS dan peraturan pajak berbeda dalam beberapa

cara, seringkali jumlah yang dilaporkan untuk berikut ini akan
berbeda:
• Beban pajak penghasilan (IFRS)
• Hutang pajak penghasilan (Otoritas Pajak)

19-4 LO 1
 Accounting for Income Taxes

Financial Statements Tax Return

vs.

Pretax Financial Income  Taxable Income

IFRS Tax Code
Income Tax Expense  Income Taxes Payable

19-5 LO 1
 Accounting for Income Taxes

Illustration: Chelsea, Inc. reported revenues of $130,000 and

expenses of $60,000 in each of its first three years of
operations. For tax purposes, Chelsea reported the same
expenses to the tax authority in each of the years. Chelsea
reported taxable revenues of $100,000 in 2019, $150,000 in
2020, and $140,000 in 2021. What is the effect on the
accounts of reporting different amounts of revenue for IFRS
versus tax?

19-6 LO 1
 Financial vs. Taxable Differences ILLUSTRATION 19.2
Financial Reporting
Income

IFRS Reporting 2019 2020 2021 Total

Revenues $130,000 $130,000 $130,000 $390,000

Expenses 60,000 60,000 60,000 180,000
Pretax financial income $70,000 $70,000 $70,000 $210,000

Income tax expense (40%) $28,000 $28,000 $28,000 $84,000

Tax Reporting 2019 2020 2021 Total

Revenues $100,000 $150,000 $140,000 $390,000

Expenses 60,000 60,000 60,000 180,000
Taxable income $40,000 $90,000 $80,000 $210,000

Income taxes payable (40%) $16,000 $36,000 $32,000 $84,000

ILLUSTRATION 19.3
19-7 Tax Reporting Income LO 1
 Book vs. Tax Differences ILLUSTRATION 19.4
Comparison of Income
Tax Expense to Income
Taxes Payable

Comparison 2019 2020 2021 Total

Income tax expense (IFRS) $28,000 $28,000 $28,000 $84,000

Income tax payable (TA) 16,000 36,000 32,000 84,000
Difference $12,000 $(8,000) $(4,000) $0

Income tax expense (40%) $28,000 $28,000 $28,000 $84,000

Are the differences accounted for in the financial statements? Yes

Year Reporting Requirement

2019 Deferred tax liability account increased to $12,000
2020 Deferred tax liability account reduced by $8,000
2021 Deferred tax liability account reduced by $4,000

19-8 LO 1
 Financial Reporting for 2019

Statement of Financial Position Income Statement

2019 2019
Assets:
Revenues:

Expenses:
Liabilities:
Deferred taxes 12,000
Income taxes payable 16,000
Income tax expense 28,000
Equity:
Net income (loss)

Where does the “deferred tax liability” get reported in the financial
statements?
19-9 LO 1
 Jumlah Kena Pajak dan Pengurangan Pajak Masa Depan

Perbedaan temporer adalah perbedaan antara basis pajak suatu aset

atau liabilitas dengan jumlah yang dilaporkan (tercatat atau dibukukan)
dalam laporan keuangan yang akan menghasilkan jumlah kena pajak
atau jumlah yang dapat dikurangkan pada tahun-tahun mendatang.

Jumlah Kena Pajak di Masa Jumlah yang Dapat

Depan Dikurangkan di Masa
Kewajiban Pajak Tangguhan Aset Pajak Tangguhan merupakan
kenaikan Mendatang
pajak yang dapat
merupakan kenaikan hutang pajak
di tahun-tahun mendatang sebagai dikembalikan (atau disimpan) di
akibat dari perbedaan temporer tahun-tahun mendatang sebagai
kena pajak yang ada pada akhir akibat dari perbedaan temporer yang
tahun berjalan. dapat dikurangkan yang ada pada
akhir tahun berjalan.

Illustration 19.29 provides Examples of Temporary Differences

19-10 LO 1
 Future Taxable Amounts and Deferred Taxes

Illustration: In Chelsea’s situation, the only difference between

the book basis and tax basis of the assets and liabilities relates to
accounts receivable that arose from revenue recognized for book
purposes. Chelsea reports accounts receivable at $30,000 in the
December 31, 2019, IFRS-basis statement of financial position.
However, the receivables have a zero tax basis.

ILLUSTRATION 19.5
Temporary Difference, Accounts Receivable

19-11 LO 1
 Future Taxable Amounts and Deferred Taxes

Illustration: Reversal of Temporary Difference, Chelsea Inc.

ILLUSTRATION 19.6

Chelsea assumes that it will collect the accounts receivable and report
the $30,000 collection as taxable revenues in future tax returns.
Chelsea does this by recording a deferred tax liability.

19-12 LO 1
 Future Taxable Amounts and Deferred Taxes

Kewajiban pajak tangguhan

Kewajiban pajak tangguhan merupakan kenaikan hutang
pajak di tahun-tahun mendatang sebagai akibat dari perbedaan
temporer kena pajak yang ada pada akhir tahun berjalan.

2019 2020 2021 Total

Income tax expense (IFRS) $28,000 $28,000 $28,000 $84,000

Income tax payable (TA) 16,000 36,000 32,000 84,000
Difference $12,000 $(8,000) $(4,000) $0

Income tax expense (40%) $28,000 $28,000 $28,000 $84,000

ILLUSTRATION 19.4
Comparison of Income Tax Expense
to Income Taxes Payable
19-13 LO 1
 Deferred Tax Liability

Illustration: Because it is the first year of operations for Chelsea,

there is no deferred tax liability at the beginning of the year.
Chelsea computes the income tax expense for 2019 as follows:

ILLUSTRATION 19.9
Computation of Income Tax Expense, 2019

19-14 LO 1
 Deferred Tax Liability ILLUSTRATION 19.4
Comparison of Income Tax Expense
to Income Taxes Payable

2019 2020 2021 Total

Income tax expense (IFRS) $28,000 $28,000 $28,000 $84,000

Income tax payable (TA) 16,000 36,000 32,000 84,000
Difference $12,000 $(8,000) $(4,000) $0

Income tax expense (40%) $28,000 $28,000 $28,000 $84,000

Chelsea makes the following entry at the end of 2019 to record

income taxes.

Income Tax Expense 28,000

Income Taxes Payable 16,000
Deferred Tax Liability 12,000

19-15 LO 1
 Deferred Tax Liability ILLUSTRATION 19.4
Comparison of Income Tax Expense
to Income Taxes Payable

2019 2020 2021 Total

Income tax expense (IFRS) $28,000 $28,000 $28,000 $84,000

Income tax payable (TA) 16,000 36,000 32,000 84,000
Difference $12,000 $(8,000) $(4,000) $0

Income tax expense (40%) $28,000 $28,000 $28,000 $84,000

Chelsea makes the following entry at the end of 2020 to record

income taxes.

Income Tax Expense 28,000

Deferred Tax Liability 8,000
Income Taxes Payable 36,000

19-16 LO 1
 Deferred Tax Liability ILLUSTRATION 19.4
Comparison of Income Tax Expense
to Income Taxes Payable

2019 2020 2021 Total

Income tax expense (IFRS) $28,000 $28,000 $28,000 $84,000

Income tax payable (TA) 16,000 36,000 32,000 84,000
Difference $12,000 $(8,000) $(4,000) $0

Income tax expense (40%) $28,000 $28,000 $28,000 $84,000

Chelsea makes the following entry at the end of 2021 to record

income taxes.

Income Tax Expense 28,000

Deferred Tax Liability 4,000
Income Taxes Payable 32,000

19-17 LO 1
 Deferred Tax Liability

The entry to record income taxes at the end of 2021 reduces the
Deferred Tax Liability by $4,000. The Deferred Tax Liability account
appears as follows at the end of 2021 .

ILLUSTRATION 19.12
Deferred Tax Liability Account after Reversals

19-18 LO 1
 Financial Statement Effects
ILLUSTRATION 19.13
Balance Sheet Presentation,
Deferred Tax Liabilities

2019
2020
2021

2019 2020 2021

ILLUSTRATION 19.14
Income Statement Presentation,
Income Tax Expense

19-19 LO 1
 Financial Statement Effects

2019 2020 2021

ILLUSTRATION 19.14
Income Statement
Presentation, Income
Tax Expense

ILLUSTRATION 19.15
Components of Income Tax Expense

19-20 LO 1
 Deferred Tax Liability

Illustration: Starfleet Corporation has one temporary difference

at the end of 2018 that will reverse and cause taxable amounts of
$55,000 in 2019, $60,000 in 2020, and $75,000 in 2021.
Starfleet’s pretax financial income for 2018 is $400,000, and the
tax rate is 30% for all years. There are no deferred taxes at the
beginning of 2018.

Instructions

a) Compute taxable income and income taxes payable for

2018.

b) Prepare the journal entry to record income tax expense,

deferred income taxes, and income taxes payable for 2018.
19-21 LO 1
 Deferred Tax Liability

Illustration: Current Yr.

INCOME: 2014 2015 2016 2017
Financial income (IFRS) 400,000
Temporary Diff. (190,000) 55,000 60,000 75,000
Taxable income (TA) a. 210,000 55,000 60,000 75,000
Tax rate 30% 30% 30% 30%
Income tax a. 63,000 16,500 18,000 22,500

b. Income Tax Expense (plug) 120,000

Income Taxes Payable 63,000
Deferred Tax Liability 57,000

19-22 LO 1
 Future Deductible Amounts and Deferred
Taxes
Illustration: Selama 2019, Cunningham Inc. memperkirakan biaya
garansi terkait penjualan oven microwave menjadi $ 500.000, dibayar
secara merata selama dua tahun ke depan. Untuk tujuan pembukuan,
pada 2019 Cunningham melaporkan biaya garansi dan estimasi
kewajiban terkait untuk jaminan $ 500.000 dalam laporan
keuangannya. Untuk tujuan pajak, pengurangan pajak garansi tidak
diperbolehkan sampai dibayar.

ILLUSTRATION 19.16
Temporary Difference, Warranty Liability

19-23 LO 1
 Future Deductible Amounts and Deferred
Taxes
Illustration: Reversal of Temporary Difference.
ILLUSTRATION 19.17

When Cunningham pays the warranty liability, it reports an expense

(deductible amount) for tax purposes. Cunningham reports this future
tax benefit in the December 31, 2019, statement of financial position as
a deferred tax asset.
19-24 LO 1
 Jumlah yang Dapat Dikurangkan di Masa Mendatang dan Pajak
Tangguhan

Aset Pajak Tangguhan

Aset pajak tangguhan menunjukkan peningkatan pajak yang
dapat dikembalikan (atau disimpan) di tahun-tahun mendatang
sebagai akibat dari perbedaan temporer yang dapat
dikurangkan yang ada pada akhir tahun berjalan.

19-25 LO 1
 Deferred Tax Asset

Illustration: Hunt Company memiliki pendapatan $ 900.000 untuk

tahun 2019 dan 2020. Perusahaan juga memiliki biaya operasi $
400.000 untuk masing-masing tahun ini. Selain itu, Hunt
menimbulkan kerugian dan kewajiban terkait sebesar $ 50.000
untuk tujuan pelaporan keuangan karena litigasi yang tertunda.
Hunt tidak dapat mengurangi jumlah ini untuk keperluan pajak
sampai membayar kewajiban, diharapkan pada tahun 2020.
Akibatnya, jumlah yang dapat dikurangkan akan terjadi pada
tahun 2020 ketika Hunt menyelesaikan kewajibannya,
menyebabkan pendapatan kena pajak lebih rendah daripada
informasi keuangan sebelum pajak. Ilustrasi 19.18 menunjukkan
IFRS dan pelaporan pajak selama dua tahun.

19-26 LO 1
 ILLUSTRATION 19.18
IFRS and Tax Reporting, Hunt Company

19-27 LO 1
 Deferred Tax Asset

Illustration: Hunt mencatat aset pajak tangguhan sebesar $ 20.000

pada akhir tahun 2019 karena itu mewakili pajak yang akan disimpan
pada periode mendatang sebagai akibat dari perbedaan temporer
yang dapat dikurangkan yang ada pada akhir tahun 2019..

ILLUSTRATION 19.19
Computation of Deferred Tax Asset, End of 2019

19-28 LO 1
 Deferred Tax Asset

Hunt juga dapat menghitung aset pajak tangguhan dengan

menyiapkan jadwal yang menunjukkan jumlah yang dapat
dikurangkan di masa mendatang karena perbedaan temporer yang
dapat dikurangkan.

ILLUSTRATION 19.20
Schedule of Future Deductible Amounts

19-29 LO 1
 Deferred Tax Asset

Asumsikan bahwa 2019 adalah tahun pertama operasi Hunt, dan hutang pajak
penghasilan adalah $ 200.000, menghitung beban pajak penghasilan.
ILLUSTRATION 19.21
Computation of Income
Tax Expense, 2019

Prepare the entry at the end of 2019 to record income taxes.

Income Tax Expense 180,000
Deferred Tax Asset 20,000
Income Taxes Payable 200,000
19-30 LO 1
 Deferred Tax Asset

Computation of Income Tax Expense for 2020. ILLUSTRATION 19.22

Computation of Income
Tax Expense, 2020

Prepare the entry at the end of 2020 to record income taxes.

Income Tax Expense 200,000
Deferred Tax Asset 20,000
Income Taxes Payable 180,000
19-31 LO 1
 Financial Statement Effects
ILLUSTRATION 19.23
Balance Sheet Presentation,
Deferred Tax Asset

ILLUSTRATION 19.24
Income Statement
Presentation, Deferred
Tax Asset

19-32
 Deferred Tax Asset

The entry to record income taxes at the end of 2020 reduces the
Deferred Tax Asset by $20,000.

ILLUSTRATION 19.25
Deferred Tax Asset Account after Reversals

19-33 LO 1
 1. Deferred Tax Asset

Illustration: Columbia Corporation memiliki satu perbedaan temporer

pada akhir 2018 yang akan berbalik dan menyebabkan jumlah yang
dapat dikurangkan dari $ 50.000 pada 2019, $ 65.000 pada 2020, dan
$ 40.000 pada 2021. Pendapatan keuangan sebelum pajak Columbia
untuk 2018 adalah $ 200.000 dan tarif pajak 34% untuk semua tahun .
Tidak ada pajak tangguhan pada awal tahun 2018. Columbia berharap
akan menguntungkan di masa depan.

Instructions
a) Hitung penghasilan kena pajak dan hutang pajak penghasilan untuk
2018.
b) Mempersiapkan jurnal untuk mencatat beban pajak penghasilan, pajak
penghasilan tangguhan, dan hutang pajak penghasilan untuk 2018.

19-34 LO 1
 Deferred Tax Asset

Illustration Current Yr.

INCOME: 2018 2019 2020 2021
Financial income (IFRS) 200,000
Temporary Diff. 155,000 (50,000) (65,000) (40,000)
Taxable income (Tax) a. 355,000 (50,000) (65,000) (40,000)
Tax rate 34% 34% 34% 34%
Income tax a. 120,700 (17,000) (22,100) (13,600)

b. Income Tax Expense 68,000

Deferred Tax Asset 52,700
Income Taxes Payable 120,700

19-35 LO 1
 Akuntansi Pajak Penghasilan

Aset Pajak Tangguhan (Non-Pengakuan)

Perusahaan harus mengurangi aset pajak tangguhan jika besar
kemungkinan tidak akan merealisasikan sebagian atau seluruh
aset pajak tangguhan.
"Kemungkinan" berarti tingkat kemungkinan setidaknya sedikit
lebih dari 50 persen.

19-36 LO 1
 Deferred Tax Asset (Non-Recognition)

Illustration: Callaway Corp. memiliki akun aset pajak tangguhan

dengan saldo € 150.000 pada akhir tahun 2018 karena perbedaan
temporer kumulatif tunggal sebesar € 375.000. Pada akhir 2019,
perbedaan sementara yang sama ini telah meningkat hingga jumlah
kumulatif € 500.000. Penghasilan kena pajak untuk 2019 adalah €
850.000. Tarif pajak adalah 40% untuk semua tahun.

Instructions:
Dengan asumsi bahwa ada kemungkinan € 30.000 dari aset pajak
tangguhan tidak akan terwujud, siapkan entri jurnal pada akhir 2019
untuk mengenali kemungkinan ini.

19-37 LO 1
 Deferred Tax Asset (Non-Recognition)
Illustration: Current Yr.
INCOME: 2018 2019 2020 2021
Financial income (IFRS) 725.000
Temporary difference 375.000 125.000 (500.000)
Taxable income (TA) 375.000 850.000 (500.000) -
Tax rate 40% 40% 40% 40%
Income tax 150.000 340.000 (200.000) -

Income Tax Expense 290.000

Deferred Tax Asset 50.000
Income Taxes Payable 340.000

Income Tax Expense 30.000

Deferred Tax Asset 30.000
19-38 LO 1
 LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2
Additional Issues Identify additional issues in
accounting for income taxes.

Income Statement Presentation

ILLUSTRATION 19.27
Formula to Compute Income Tax Expense Formula to Compute
Income Tax Expense

Income Taxes Change In Total Income

Payable Or + Deferred = Tax Expense or
-
Refundable Income Taxes Benefit

Dalam laporan laba rugi atau dalam catatan atas laporan

keuangan, perusahaan harus mengungkapkan komponen
signifikan beban pajak penghasilan yang dapat diatribusikan
pada operasi yang berkelanjutan.

19-39 LO 2
 Income Statement Presentation

Given the previous information related to Chelsea Inc.,

Chelsea reports its income statement as follows.

ILLUSTRATION 19.28
19-40 LO 2
 Masalah tambahan

Perbedaan spesifik
Temporary Difference
 Perbedaan temporer kena pajak - Kewajiban pajak
tangguhan
 Perbedaan temporer yang dapat dikurangkan - Aset
pajak tangguhan

19-41 LO 2
 2. Perbedaan Sementara ILLUSTRATION 19.29
Examples of Temporary
Differences

Penghasilan atau keuntungan akan dikenakan pajak setelah mereka diakui dalam pendapatan keuangan.

Suatu aset (mis., Piutang atau investasi) dapat diakui untuk pendapatan atau
keuntungan yang akan menghasilkan jumlah kena pajak di tahun-tahun mendatang
ketika aset tersebut dipulihkan. Contoh:
1. Penjualan dicatat berdasarkan basis akrual untuk tujuan pelaporan keuangan dan
berdasarkan angsuran (tunai) untuk keperluan pajak.
2. Kontrak dicatat berdasarkan metode persentase penyelesaian untuk tujuan
pelaporan keuangan dan metode pemulihan biaya (metode tanpa laba) untuk tujuan
pajak.
3. Investasi dicatat dengan metode ekuitas untuk tujuan pelaporan keuangan dan
berdasarkan metode biaya untuk tujuan pajak.
4. Keuntungan atas konversi paksa atas aset non-moneter yang diakui untuk tujuan
pelaporan keuangan tetapi ditangguhkan untuk tujuan pajak.
5. Keuntungan yang belum direalisasi untuk tujuan pelaporan keuangan (termasuk
penggunaan opsi nilai wajar) tetapi ditangguhkan untuk tujuan pajak.
19-42
LO 2
 Temporary Differences ILLUSTRATION 19.29
Examples of Temporary
Differences

Beban atau kerugian dapat dikurangkan setelah diakui dalam pendapatan keuangan.

Suatu liabilitas (atau aset kontra) dapat diakui untuk pengeluaran atau kerugian yang akan
menghasilkan jumlah yang dapat dikurangkan di tahun-tahun mendatang ketika liabilitas
diselesaikan. Contoh:
1. Kewajiban garansi produk.
2. Kewajiban diestimasi terkait dengan operasi atau restrukturisasi yang dihentikan.
3. Akrual litigasi.
4. Beban piutang tak tertagih yang diakui menggunakan metode penyisihan untuk tujuan
pelaporan keuangan; metode penghapusan langsung yang digunakan untuk tujuan pajak.
5. Beban kompensasi berbasis saham.
6. Kerugian yang belum direalisasi untuk tujuan pelaporan keuangan (termasuk penggunaan opsi
nilai wajar), tetapi ditangguhkan untuk tujuan pajak .

19-43 LO 2
 Temporary Differences ILLUSTRATION 19.29
Examples of Temporary
Differences

Revenues or gains are taxable before they are recognized in financial income.

Suatu liabilitas dapat diakui untuk pembayaran dimuka atas barang atau jasa yang akan diberikan
di tahun-tahun mendatang. Untuk tujuan pajak, pembayaran di muka termasuk dalam penghasilan
kena pajak setelah menerima uang tunai. Pengorbanan di masa depan untuk menyediakan barang
atau jasa (atau pengembalian uang di masa depan bagi mereka yang membatalkan pesanan) yang
menyelesaikan kewajiban akan menghasilkan jumlah yang dapat dikurangkan di tahun-tahun
mendatang. Contoh:
1. Langganan diterima di muka.
2. Tanda terima sewa muka.
3. Penjualan dan sewa balik untuk tujuan pelaporan keuangan (penangguhan pendapatan) tetapi
dilaporkan sebagai penjualan untuk tujuan pajak.
4. Kontrak dibayar di muka dan royalti diterima di muka.

19-44 LO 2
 Temporary Differences ILLUSTRATION 19.29
Examples of Temporary
Differences

Expenses or losses are deductible before they are recognized in financial income.

Biaya aset mungkin telah dikurangkan untuk tujuan pajak lebih cepat daripada yang dikeluarkan
untuk tujuan pelaporan keuangan. Jumlah yang diterima pada saat pemulihan di masa depan dari
jumlah aset untuk pelaporan keuangan (melalui penggunaan atau penjualan) akan melebihi basis
pajak yang tersisa dari aset dan dengan demikian menghasilkan jumlah yang dapat dikenai pajak di
tahun-tahun mendatang. Contoh:
1. Properti yang dapat didepresiasi, sumber daya yang dapat habis, dan tidak berwujud.
2. Dana pensiun yang dapat dikurangkan melebihi biaya.
3. Biaya dibayar dimuka yang dikurangkan dari pajak pada periode yang dibayarkan.
4. Biaya pengembangan yang dikurangkan dari pajak pada periode yang dibayarkan.

19-45 LO 2
 Specific Differences

Berasal dan Membalikkan Aspek Perbedaan

Sementara.
• Berasal dari perbedaan sementara adalah
perbedaan awal antara dasar buku dan dasar pajak
dari suatu aset atau liabilitas.
• Perbedaan pembalikan terjadi ketika menghilangkan
perbedaan sementara yang berasal dari periode
sebelumnya dan kemudian menghapus efek pajak
terkait dari akun pajak tangguhan.

19-46 LO 2
 Specific Differences

Permanent Differences
 Hasil dari item itu
 masuk ke dalam penghasilan keuangan sebelum pajak tetapi tidak
pernah ke dalam penghasilan kena pajak atau
 masuk ke dalam penghasilan kena pajak tetapi tidak pernah ke
dalam pendapatan keuangan sebelum pajak.

 Hanya mempengaruhi periode di mana mereka terjadi.

 Jangan memunculkan jumlah kena pajak atau
dikurangkan di masa depan.
 Tidak ada konsekuensi pajak tangguhan untuk diakui.
19-47 LO 2
 Permanent Differences ILLUSTRATION 19.31
Examples of Permanent
Differences

Item diakui untuk tujuan pelaporan keuangan tetapi tidak untuk tujuan pajak.

Contoh:
1. Bunga diterima untuk jenis kewajiban pemerintah tertentu.
2. Biaya yang dikeluarkan untuk memperoleh penghasilan bebas pajak.
3. Denda dan biaya yang dihasilkan dari pelanggaran hukum.
4. Sumbangan amal diakui sebagai beban tetapi terkadang tidak dapat dikurangkan
untuk keperluan pajak.

Barang-barang diakui untuk tujuan pajak tetapi tidak untuk tujuan pelaporan keuangan.

Contoh:
1. “Persentase penipisan” sumber daya alam yang melebihi biayanya.
2. Pengurangan dividen yang diterima dari perusahaan lain, kadang-kadang dianggap
bebas pajak.

19-48 LO 2
 Specific Differences
Illustration
Apakah menghasilkan berikut:
 Jumlah Deductible Masa Depan = Aset Pajak Tangguhan
 Jumlah Kena Pajak Masa Depan = Kewajiban Pajak Tangguhan
 Perbedaan Permanen

1. Sistem penyusutan yang dipercepat digunakan Jumlah Kena

untuk tujuan pajak, dan metode penyusutan garis Pajak di Masa
Depan
Liability
lurus digunakan untuk tujuan pelaporan keuangan.

2. Pemilik rumah mengumpulkan beberapa uang sewa Jumlah yang dapat

dikurangkan di masa
terlebih dahulu. Sewa yang diterima akan dikenakan depan
Asset
pajak pada periode ketika mereka diterima.

3. Biaya-biaya dikeluarkan untuk memperoleh Permanent

Difference
pendapatan bebas pajak.

19-49 LO 2
 Specific Differences
Illustration
Do the following generate:
 Future Deductible Amount = Deferred Tax Asset
 Future Taxable Amount = Deferred Tax Liability
 Permanent Difference
Future Deductible
4. Biaya jaminan dan jaminan diperkirakan dan diakui Amount
untuk tujuan pelaporan keuangan. Asset

5. Penjualan angsuran investasi dicatat dengan

Future Taxable
metode akrual untuk tujuan pelaporan keuangan Amount
dan metode angsuran untuk tujuan pajak. Liability

6. Bunga diterima atas investasi dalam kewajiban

pemerintah bebas pajak. Permanent
Difference

19-50 LO 2
 Specific Differences
E19-4: Havaci SpA melaporkan pendapatan keuangan sebelum
pajak € 80.000 untuk tahun 2019. Item-item berikut menyebabkan
penghasilan kena pajak berbeda dari pendapatan keuangan sebelum
pajak.
1. Depresiasi pada SPT lebih besar dari depresiasi pada laporan
laba rugi sebesar € 16.000.
2. Sewa dikumpulkan pada pengembalian pajak lebih besar dari
sewa yang diperoleh pada laporan laba rugi sebesar € 27.000.
3. Denda untuk polusi muncul sebagai biaya € 11.000 pada laporan
laba rugi.
Tarif pajak Havaci adalah 30% untuk semua tahun, dan perusahaan
mengharapkan untuk melaporkan penghasilan kena pajak di semua
tahun mendatang. Tidak ada pajak tangguhan pada awal 2019.
19-51 LO 2
 Specific Differences
E19-4: Current Yr. Deferred Deferred
INCOME: 2019 Asset Liability
Financial income (IFRS) € 80,000
Excess tax depreciation (16,000) € 16,000
Excess rent collected 27,000 (€ 27,000)
Fines (permanent) 11,000
Taxable income (TA) 102,000 (27,000) 16,000
Tax rate 30% 30% 30%
Income tax € 30,600 (€ 8,100) € 4,800

Income Tax Expense 27,300

Deferred Tax Asset 8,100
Deferred Tax Liability 4,800
Income Tax Payable 30,600

19-52 LO 2
 Masalah tambahan

Tax Rate Considerations

Future Tax Rates
Pajak Masa Depan Suatu perusahaan harus mempertimbangkan
perubahan yang berlaku saat ini dalam tarif pajak yang menjadi
efektif untuk tahun mendatang tertentu ketika menentukan tarif
pajak untuk diterapkan pada perbedaan temporer yang ada.

Jika tarif baru belum diberlakukan untuk tahun-tahun mendatang,

Wang harus menggunakan kurs saat ini.

19-53 LO 2
 Future Tax Rates

Illustration: Grup Wang pada akhir 2016 memiliki perbedaan temporer

kumulatif berikut ¥ 300.000, dihitung seperti yang ditunjukkan.
ILLUSTRATION 19.33
Computation of
Cumulative Temporary
Difference

Asumsikan bahwa ¥ 300.000 akan berbalik dan menghasilkan jumlah kena

pajak di masa depan, dengan tarif pajak yang berlaku ditampilkan.

ILLUSTRATION 19.34
19-54 Deferred Tax Liability Based on Future Rates LO 2
 Future Tax Rates

Assume that the ¥300,000 will reverse and result in taxable amounts
in the future, with the enacted tax rates shown. ILLUSTRATION 19.34

Total kewajiban pajak tangguhan pada akhir 2016 adalah ¥ 108.000.

 Wang hanya dapat menggunakan tarif pajak selain dari tarif saat
ini ketika tarif pajak di masa depan telah diberlakukan.
 Jika tarif baru belum diberlakukan untuk tahun-tahun mendatang,
Wang harus menggunakan kurs saat ini.

19-55 LO 2
 Pertimbangan Tarif Pajak

Revisi Tarif Pajak Masa Depan

Ketika perubahan tarif pajak diberlakukan, perusahaan harus
segera mencatat pengaruhnya terhadap akun pajak penghasilan
tangguhan yang ada.

Perusahaan melaporkan efeknya sebagai penyesuaian

terhadap beban pajak penghasilan pada periode perubahan.

19-56 LO 2
 Revision of Future Tax Rates

Illustration: Asumsikan bahwa pada 10 Desember 2018, undang-undang

pajak penghasilan baru ditandatangani menjadi undang-undang yang
menurunkan tarif pajak perusahaan dari 40 persen menjadi 35 persen,
berlaku 1 Januari 2020. Jika Hostel Co. memiliki satu perbedaan temporer
pada awal 2018 terkait hingga $ 3 juta dari depresiasi pajak berlebih, maka ia
memiliki akun Kewajiban Pajak Tangguhan dengan saldo $ 1.200.000 ($
3.000.000 × 40%) pada tanggal 1 Januari 2018. Jika jumlah kena pajak terkait
perbedaan ini dijadwalkan akan terjadi secara sama pada tahun 2019,
2020, dan 2021, kewajiban pajak tangguhan pada akhir 2018
adalah $ 1.100.000.

ILLUSTRATION 19.35
19-57
Schedule of Future Taxable Amounts and Related Tax Rates LO 2
 Revision of Future Tax Rates

Hostel, therefore, recognizes the decrease of $100,000

($1,200,000 − $1,100,000) at the end of 2018 in the deferred tax
liability as follows. ILLUSTRATION 19.35
Schedule of Future Taxable Amounts and Related Tax Rates

Deferred Tax Liability 100,000

Income Tax Expense 100,000

19-58 LO 2
 LEARNING OBJECTIVE 3
1. Akuntansi Kerugian Explain the accounting for loss
carrybacks and loss
Operasional Bersih carryforwards.

Rugi operasi bersih (NOL) = biaya yang dapat

dikurangkan dari pajak melebihi pendapatan kena pajak.

Undang-undang perpajakan mengizinkan pembayar pajak

untuk menggunakan kerugian satu tahun untuk
mengimbangi laba tahun-tahun lainnya (carryback dan
loss carryforward).

19-59 LO 3
 Accounting for Net Operating Losses

Kerugian Carryback
 Kembali 2 tahun ke depan 20 tahun.
 Kerugian harus diterapkan paling awal tahun pertama.

ILLUSTRATION 19.36
Loss Carryback Procedure

19-60 LO 3
 Accounting for Net Operating Losses

Kehilangan Carryforward
 Dapat memilih untuk menghilangkan carryback dan kerugian
 Kerugian terus menerus 20 tahun.

ILLUSTRATION 19.30
Loss Carryforward Procedure

19-61 LO 3
 Loss Carryback Example

Illustration: Groh Inc. has no temporary or permanent differences.

Groh experiences the following.

Taxable Tax Tax

Year Income of Loss Rate Paid
2015 $ 50,000 35% $ 17,500
2016 100,000 30% 30,000
2017 200,000 40% 80,000
2018 (500,000) 0

In 2018, Groh incurs a net operating loss that it decides to carry

back.

19-62 LO 3
 Loss Carryback Example
Illustration: 2015 2016 2017 2018
Financial income
Difference
Taxable income (loss) $ 50,000 $ 100,000 $ 200,000 $ (500,000)
Rate 35% 30% 40%
Income tax $ 17,500 $ 30,000 $ 80,000

NOL Schedule
Taxable income $ 50,000 $ 100,000 $ 200,000 $ (500,000)
Carryback (100,000) (200,000) 300,000
Taxable income 50,000 - - (200,000)
Rate 35% 30% 40% 0%
Income tax (revised) $ 17,500 $ - $ - $ -

Refund $ 30,000 $ 80,000

$110,000
19-63 LO 3
 Loss Carryback Example
Illustration: 2015 2016 2017 2018
NOL Schedule
Taxable income $ 50,000 $ 100,000 $ 200,000 $ (500,000)
Carryback (100,000) (200,000) 300,000
Taxable income 50,000 - - (200,000)
Rate 35% 30% 40% 0%
Income tax (revised) $ 17,500 $ - $ - $ -

Refund $ 30,000 $ 80,000

Journal Entry for 2018:

Income Tax Refund Receivable 110,000

Benefit Due to Loss Carryback (Income Tax Expense) 110,000

19-64 LO 3
 Loss Carryback Example

Illustration: Groh Inc. reports the account credited on the income

statement for 2018 as shown.

ILLUSTRATION 19.38
Recognition of Benefit of the Loss Carryback in the Loss Year

19-65 LO 3
 Loss Carryforward Example
Illustration: 2015 2016 2017 2018
NOL Schedule
Taxable income $ 50,000 $ 100,000 $ 200,000 $ (500,000)
Carryback (100,000) (200,000) 300,000
Taxable income 50,000 - - (200,000)
Rate 35% 30% 40% 40%
Income tax (revised) $ 17,500 $ - $ - $ (80,000)

In addition to recording the $110,000 Benefit Due to Loss

Carryback, Groh Inc. records the tax effect of the $200,000 loss
carryforward as a deferred tax asset of $80,000 assuming that the
enacted future tax rate is 40 percent. The entry is made as follows:

19-66 LO 3
 Carryforward (Recognition)
Illustration: 2015 2016 2017 2018
NOL Schedule
Taxable income $ 50,000 $ 100,000 $ 200,000 $ (500,000)
Carryback (100,000) (200,000) 300,000
Taxable income 50,000 - - (200,000)
Rate 35% 30% 40% 40%
Income tax (revised) $ 17,500 $ - $ - $ (80,000)

Entry to recognize the benefit of the loss carryforward:

Deferred Tax Asset 80,000

Benefit Due to Loss Carryforward (Income Tax Expense) 80,000

19-67 LO 3
 Carryforward (Recognition)

The two accounts credited are contra income tax expense items,
which Groh presents on the 2018 income statement shown.

ILLUSTRATION 19.39
Recognition of the Benefit of the Loss
Carryback and Carryforward in the Loss Year

19-68 LO 3
 Carryforward (Recognition)

For 2019, assume that Groh returns to profitable operations and

has taxable income of $250,000 (prior to adjustment for the NOL
carryforward), subject to a 40 percent tax rate.

2018 2019
NOL Schedule
Taxable income $ (500,000) $ 250,000
Carryback (carryforward) 300,000 (200,000)
Taxable income (200,000) 50,000
Rate 40% 40%
Income tax (revised) $ (80,000) $ 20,000

19-69 LO 3
 Carryforward (Recognition)

Groh records income taxes in 2019 as follows:

2018 2019
NOL Schedule
Taxable income $ (500,000) $ 250,000
Carryback (carryforward) 300,000 (200,000)
Taxable income (200,000) 50,000
Rate 40% 40%
Income tax (revised) $ (80,000) $ 20,000

Income Tax Expense 100,000

Deferred Tax Asset 80,000
Income Taxes Payable 20,000

19-70 LO 3
 Carryforward (Recognition)

The 2019 income statement does not report the tax effects of
either the loss carryback or the loss carryforward because Groh
had reported both previously.

ILLUSTRATION 19.41
Presentation of the Benefit of Loss Carryforward Realized in 2019, Recognized in 2018
19-71 LO 3
 Carryforward (Non-Recognition)

Assume that Groh will not realize the entire NOL carryforward in
future years. In this situation, Groh does not recognize a deferred
tax asset for the loss carryforward because it is probable that it
will not realize the carryforward. Groh makes the following journal
entry in 2018.

Income Tax Refund Receivable 110,000

Benefit Due to Loss Carryback (Income Tax Expense) 110,000

19-72 LO 3
 Carryforward (Non-Recognition)

Groh’s 2018 income statement presentation is as follows:

ILLUSTRATION 19.42
Recognition of Benefit of Loss Carryback Only

19-73 LO 3
 Carryforward (Non-Recognition)

In 2019, assuming that Groh has taxable income of $250,000

(before considering the carryforward), subject to a tax rate of 40
percent, it realizes the deferred tax asset. Groh records the
following entries.

Deferred Tax Asset 80,000

Benefit Due to Loss Carryforward 80,000
Income Tax Expense 100,000
Deferred Tax Asset 80,000
Income Taxes Payable 20,000

19-74 LO 3
 Carryforward (Non-Recognition)

Assuming that Groh derives the income for 2019 from continuing
operations, it prepares the income statement as shown.

ILLUSTRATION 19.43
Recognition of Benefit of Loss Carryforward When Realized

19-75 LO 3
 Non-Recognition Revisited

Apakah perusahaan akan merealisasikan aset pajak tangguhan tergantung

pada apakah ada penghasilan kena pajak yang cukup atau akan ada dalam
periode carryforward yang tersedia berdasarkan undang-undang perpajakan.

ILLUSTRATION 19.44
Possible Sources of Taxable Income

19-76 LO 3
 LEARNING OBJECTIVE 4
Penyajian Laporan Describe the presentation of
deferred income taxes in
Keuangan financial statements.

Laporan Posisi Keuangan

Aset pajak tangguhan dan liabilitas pajak tangguhan juga diakui
dan diukur secara terpisah tetapi dapat diimbangi dalam laporan
posisi keuangan.
Aset pajak tangguhan bersih atau liabilitas pajak tangguhan
bersih dilaporkan pada bagian tidak lancar pada laporan posisi
keuangan.

19-77 LO 4
 Statement of Financial Position

ILLUSTRATION 19.45
Classification of Temporary Differences

19-78 LO 4
 Financial Statement Presentation

Laporan laba rugi

Perusahaan mengalokasikan beban (atau manfaat) pajak
penghasilan untuk
• operasi yang berkelanjutan,
• operasi yang dihentikan,
• penghasilan komprehensif lain, dan
• penyesuaian periode sebelumnya.

19-79 LO 4
 Laporan laba rugi

Komponen beban (manfaat) pajak dapat mencakup:

1. Beban (manfaat) pajak kini.
2. Setiap penyesuaian yang diakui pada periode untuk pajak kini
periode sebelumnya.
3. Jumlah beban (manfaat) pajak tangguhan yang berkaitan
dengan asal dan pembalikan perbedaan temporer.
4. Jumlah beban (manfaat) pajak tangguhan terkait dengan
perubahan tarif pajak atau pengenaan pajak baru.
5. Jumlah manfaat yang timbul dari kerugian pajak yang
sebelumnya tidak diakui, kredit pajak, atau perbedaan
temporer dari periode sebelumnya yang digunakan untuk
mengurangi beban pajak kini dan pajak tangguhan.
19-80 LO
LO44
 Penyajian Laporan Keuangan

Rekonsiliasi Pajak
Perusahaan menyediakan:
• Rekonsiliasi numerik antara beban (manfaat) pajak dan
produk dari laba akuntansi dikalikan dengan tarif pajak
yang berlaku, yang juga mengungkapkan dasar
penghitungan tarif pajak yang berlaku; atau
• Rekonsiliasi numerik antara tarif pajak efektif rata-rata dan
tarif pajak yang berlaku, mengungkapkan juga dasar di
mana tarif pajak yang berlaku dihitung.

19-81 LO 4
 Review of the Asset-Liability Method

The IASB believes that the asset-liability method (sometimes

referred to as the liability approach) is the most consistent
method for accounting for income taxes.

ILLUSTRATION 19.50
Basic Principles of the Asset-Liability Method

19-82 LO 4
 ILLUSTRATION 19.51
Procedures for Computing
and Reporting Deferred
Income Taxes

19-83 LO 4
 Comprehensive Example of Interperiod
APPENDIX 19A
Tax Allocation

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 5
Apply the concepts and procedures of interperiod tax allocation.

Fiscal Year-2018
Akai Ltd., which began operations at the beginning of 2018, produces
various products on a contract basis. Each contract generates an
income of ¥80,000 (amounts in thousands). Some of Akai’s contracts
provide for the customer to pay on an installment basis. Under these
contracts, Akai collects one-fifth of the contract revenue in each of the
following four years. For financial reporting purposes, the company
recognizes income in the year of completion (accrual basis); for tax
purposes, Akai recognizes income in the year cash is collected
(installment basis).
19-84 LO 5
 Comprehensive Example of Interperiod
APPENDIX 19A
Tax Allocation

Fiscal Year-2018
Presented below is information related to Akai’s operations for 2018.

1. In 2018, the company completed seven contracts that allow for

the customer to pay on an installment basis. Akai recognized the
related income of ¥560,000 for financial reporting purposes. It
reported only ¥112,000 of income on installment sales on the
2018 tax return. The company expects future collections on the
related receivables to result in taxable amounts of ¥112,000 in
each of the next four years.

19-85 LO 5
 Comprehensive Example of Interperiod
APPENDIX 19A
Tax Allocation

Presented below is information related to Akai’s operations for 2018.

2. At the beginning of 2018, Akai purchased depreciable assets with

a cost of ¥540,000. For financial reporting purposes, Akai
depreciates these assets using the straight-line method over a
six-year service life. The depreciation schedules for both financial
reporting and tax purposes are shown as follows.

19-86 LO 5
 Comprehensive Example of Interperiod
APPENDIX 19A
Tax Allocation

Presented below is information related to Akai’s operations for 2018.

3. The company warrants its product for two years from the date of
completion of a contract. During 2018, the product warranty
liability accrued for financial reporting purposes was ¥200,000,
and the amount paid for the satisfaction of warranty liability was
¥44,000. Akai expects to settle the remaining ¥156,000 by
expenditures of ¥56,000 in 2019 and ¥100,000 in 2020.

4. In 2018, non-taxable governmental bond interest revenue was

¥28,000.

5. During 2018, non-deductible fines and penalties of ¥26,000

were paid.

19-87 LO 5
 Comprehensive Example of Interperiod
APPENDIX 19A
Tax Allocation

Presented below is information related to Akai’s operations for 2018.

6. Pretax financial income for 2018 amounts to ¥412,000.

7. Tax rates enacted before the end of 2018 were:

2018 50%

2019 and later years 40%

8. The accounting period is the calendar year.

9. The company is expected to have taxable income in all future

years.

19-88 LO 5
 Comprehensive Example of Interperiod
APPENDIX 19A
Tax Allocation

Taxable Income and Income Taxes Payable-2018

The first step is to determine Akai’s income tax payable for 2018 by
calculating its taxable income.

ILLUSTRATION 19A.1
Computation of Taxable Income, 2018
19-89 LO 5
 ILLUSTRATION 19A.1

Akai computes income taxes payable on taxable income for

¥100,000 as follows.

ILLUSTRATION 19A.2
Computation of Income Taxes Payable, End of 2018
19-90 LO 5
 Computing Deferred Income Taxes ILLUSTRATION 19A.3
– End of 2018 Schedule of Future Taxable and
Deductible Amounts, End of 2018

ILLUSTRATION 19A.4
19-91 Computation of Deferred Income Taxes, End of 2018 LO 5
 Deferred Tax Expense (Benefit) and the Journal
Entry to Record Income Taxes - 2018
Computation of Deferred Tax Expense (Benefit), 2018
ILLUSTRATION 19A.5

Computation of Net Deferred Tax Expense, 2018

ILLUSTRATION 19A.6
19-92 Computation of Net Deferred Tax Expense, 2018 LO 5
 Comprehensive Example of Interperiod
APPENDIX 19A
Tax Allocation

Deferred Tax Expense (Benefit) and the Journal

Entry to Record Income Taxes - 2018
Computation of Total Income Tax Expense, 2018
ILLUSTRATION 19A.7

Journal Entry for Income Tax Expense, 2018

Income Tax Expense 174,000
Deferred Tax Asset 62,400
Income Taxes Payable 50,000
Deferred Tax Liability 186,400
19-93 LO 5
 Comprehensive Example of Interperiod
APPENDIX 19A
Tax Allocation

Financial Statement Presentation - 2018

Companies should classify deferred tax assets and liabilities as
current and non-current on the statement of financial position.
Deferred tax assets are therefore netted against deferred tax liabilities
to compute a net deferred asset (liability).
ILLUSTRATION 19A.8
Classification of Deferred Tax Accounts, End of 2018

19-94 LO 5
 Financial Statement Presentation - 2018
Statement of Financial Position Presentation for 2018.
ILLUSTRATION 19A.9

ILLUSTRATION 19A.10
19-95 Income Statement Presentation of Income Tax Expense, 2018 LO 5
 GLOBAL ACCOUNTING INSIGHTS

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 6
Compare the accounting for income taxes under IFRS and U.S. GAAP.

Similar to IFRS, U.S. GAAP uses the asset and liability approach for recording
deferred taxes. The differences between IFRS and U.S. GAAP involve a few
exceptions to the asset-liability approach; some minor differences in the
recognition, measurement, and disclosure criteria; and differences in
implementation guidance.

19-96 LO 6
 GLOBAL ACCOUNTING INSIGHTS

Relevant Facts
Following are the key similarities and differences between U.S. GAAP and
IFRS related to accounting for taxes.
Similarities
• As indicated above, U.S. GAAP and IFRS both use the asset and liability
approach for recording deferred taxes.
• After a recent FASB standard, the classification of deferred taxes under
U.S. GAAP is always non-current, not based on the classification of the
asset or liability to which it relates. This accounting is now converged with
IFRS.

19-97 LO 6
 GLOBAL ACCOUNTING INSIGHTS

Relevant Facts
Differences
• U.S. GAAP uses an impairment approach to assess the need for a valuation
allowance. In this approach, the deferred tax asset is recognized in full. It is
then reduced by a valuation account if it is more likely than not that all or a
portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. Under IFRS, an
affirmative judgment approach is used, by which a deferred tax asset is
recognized up to the amount that is probable to be realized.
• Under U.S. GAAP, the enacted tax rate must be used in measuring deferred
tax assets and liabilities. IFRS uses the enacted tax rate or substantially
enacted tax rate (“substantially enacted” means virtually certain).

19-98 LO 6
 GLOBAL ACCOUNTING INSIGHTS

Relevant Facts
Differences
• Under U.S. GAAP, charges or credits for all tax items are recorded in
income. That is not the case under IFRS, in which the charges or credits
related to certain items are reported in equity.
• U.S. GAAP requires companies to assess the likelihood of uncertain tax
positions being sustainable upon audit. Potential liabilities must be accrued
and disclosed if the position is more likely than not to be disallowed. Under
IFRS, all potential liabilities must be recognized. With respect to
measurement, IFRS uses an expected-value approach to measure the tax
liability, which differs from U.S. GAAP.

19-99 LO 6
 GLOBAL ACCOUNTING INSIGHTS

On the Horizon
The IASB and the FASB have been working to address some of the
differences in the accounting for income taxes. One of the issues under
discussion is the term “probable” under IFRS for recognition of a deferred tax
asset, which might be interpreted to mean “more likely than not.” If the term is
changed, the reporting for impairments of deferred tax assets will be
essentially the same between U.S. GAAP and IFRS. In addition, the IASB is
considering adoption of the classification approach used in U.S. GAAP for
deferred assets and liabilities. Also, U.S. GAAP will likely continue to use the
enacted tax rate in computing deferred taxes, except in situations where the
U.S. taxing jurisdiction is not involved. In that case, companies should use
IFRS, which is based on enacted rates or substantially enacted tax rates.
Finally, the issue of allocation of deferred income taxes to equity for certain
transactions under IFRS must be addressed in order to converge with U.S.
GAAP, which allocates the effects to income.
19-100 LO 6
 Copyright

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19-101