GLASS

WHAT IS GLASS?

 Glass is the name given to any amorphous (non-

crystalline) solid that displays a glass transition near
its melting point. This is related to the glass transition
temperature, which is the temperature where an
amorphous solid becomes soft near its melting point
or a liquid becomes brittle near its freezing point.
 Glass is a type of matter. Sometimes the term glass is
restricted to inorganic compounds, but more often
now a glass may be an organic polymer or plastic or
even an aqueous solution.
 RAW MATERIALS USED
 1.Silica sand(Quartz sand)
Silica sand is used in industrial
processing, to make glass, as fill,
and to create molds and
castings.
The white sandy beaches of
iconic tropical destinations, for
example, are made up primarily
of limestone that has been
broken down while black sands
are either volcanic in origin or
contain magnetite
 RAW MATERIALS USED
 2. Soda ash  Soda ash is made in 3 main grades -
light, medium and dense. These have
is a white, anhydrous, powdered or
the same chemical properties and
granular material. It is an essential raw
only differ in physical characteristics,
material used in the manufacturing of
such as bulk density and particle size
glass, detergents chemicals and other
and shape (which affect flow
industrial products.
characteristics and angle of repose).
 RAW MATERIALS USED
 3.Dolomite
  generally used in flat glass
production to improve general
resistance to natural or chemical
attack or weathering. Dolomite
(composed of calcium and
magnesium carbonate) has a wide
range of other applications
including:
 steel making
 refractories manufacturing
 cement industry
 agriculture (fertiliser, soil
conditioner and stock feed
supplement).
RAW MATERIALS USED

4. Limestone
 it is formed when certain types of
rocks melt as a result of high-
temperature phenomena such as
volcanic eruptions, lightning
strikes or the impact of
meteorites, and then cool and
solidify rapidly.
 RAW MATERIALS USED

 5. ALUMINA
 Is extensively used as an engineering
ceramic due to its high performance
at a cost-effective price.Starts the
manufacturing process as a powder
which, once compressed, can be
machined if required before being
fired. After firing, further processing
can only be carried out using diamond
tooling. one of the most widely used.
Its combination of high thermal
conductivity and low thermal
expansion imparts good thermal
shock resistance.
MAIN ELEMENTS

 Si, silicon. The oxide is SiO2, silicon dioxide. Ordinarily the SiO2 is
introduced as sand.
 Na, sodium. The oxide is Na2O. It is introduced as a white powder
called soda ash.
 Ca, calcium. The oxide is CaO. It is introduced as limestone, a mineral.
 Pb, lead. The oxide is PbO. Lead oxide in a glass makes it shiny, brilliant,
and heavy.
 K, potassium. The oxide is K2O. Potassium can be used in place of
sodium as a "flux", a substance that allows the sand to be melted at a
lower temperature.
 SAND
 Glass is made from silica sand.
Silica sand consists primarily of
silicon dioxide, usually tiny
weathered pieces of quartz, but
there are other silica minerals
as well. Silica sand is the most
common type of sand in
deserts. Quartz is a very hard
mineral, so over time deserts
become mostly quartz sand
because the quartz is hard
enough to grind other minerals
so finely that they become dust
and the wind blows them out of
the sandy areas of the desert,
The mostly-quartz composition
of desert sands is sometimes
referred to as “mature” sand.
 SODA ASH
One of the most common products
that can be made with soda ash is
glass; more than 50% of all sodium
carbonate produced around the world
is used for this purpose. When mixed
in proportion with sand and calcium
 carbonate, heated to the right
temperature, and then cooled quickly,
the end result is soda-lime silica glass
with excellent durability and clarity.
This sort of glass is in heavy demand
in the automotive and manufacturing
industries, and can be found in
everything from windshields, to
mirrors, to beer bottles.
 LIMESTONE
 Glass is made from sand and
limestone. Limestone is added
before the heating process in
which the glass is formed. The
limestone in the glass helps
protect it from weathering. After
the heating process which is
done in cool conditions a soda-
lime-silica glass product is
formed, which is glass, as we
know it. Glass is used in almost
everything: glasses, windows,
mirrors, computers etc. 
 1. Soda-lime glass is the most common (90% of glass made), and least expensive
form of glass. It usually contains 60-75% silica, 12-18% soda, 5-12% lime. Resistance
to high temperatures and sudden changes of temperature are not good and
resistance to corrosive chemicals is only fair.
 Characteristics of soda-lime glass include:
 Can be used up to approximately 80 – 90ºC (untoughened)
 Can be toughened to increase strength and maximum use temperature
 Can be ground or polished to achieve desired finish
 Good electrical insulator
 Good transmission properties for visible light

Abrisa Technologies can supply the following soda-lime glass substrate material:
 Clear & Tinted – provides high light transmission, can be AR coated for super high
transmission, can be chemically strengthened, and has good flatness and no green tint.
 Grey Glass – Grey class is a tinted soda lime glass that is primarily used to restrict or
reduce light transmission.
 Low Iron Soda-Lime – provides high light transmission, can be AR coated for super
high transmission, can be chemically strengthened, and has good flatness and no
green tint.
 Anti-Glare Reducing Etched Soda-Lime – provides glare reduction, has high
resolution, superior durability, and anti-Newton ring.
 Patterned Glass for Light Control – can be fabricated into virtually any shape,
drilled, sandblasted, screen printed, polished, UV coated, dichroic coated, heat
tempered, and more.
 Low Emissivity (Low E) – provides a higher window U-Value, increased insulation
performance, energy savings, and decreases color fade by blocking UV light.
 Heat Absorbing Float Glass – Absorbs IR.
 2. Lead glass has a high percentage of lead oxide (at least 20% of the
batch). It is relatively soft, and its refractive index gives a brilliance that
may be exploited by cutting. It is somewhat more expensive than soda-
lime glass and is favored for electrical applications because of its
excellent electrical insulating properties. Thermometer tubing and art
glass are also made from lead-alkali glass, commonly called lead glass.
This glass will not withstand high temperatures or sudden changes in
temperature.
 
TYPES OF GLASS

 3.Borosilicate glass is any silicate glass having at least 5% of boric

oxide in its composition. It has high resistance to temperature change
and chemical corrosion. Not quite as convenient to fabricate as either
lime or lead glass, and not as low in cost as lime, borosilicate's cost is
moderate when measured against its usefulness. Pipelines, light bulbs,
photochromic glasses, sealed-beam headlights, laboratory ware, and
bake ware are examples of borosilicate products.
 4. Aluminosilicate glass has aluminum oxide in its composition. It is
similar to borosilicate glass but it has greater chemical durability and can
withstand higher operating temperatures. Compared to borosilicate,
aluminosilicates are more difficult to fabricate. When coated with an
electrically conductive film, aluminosilicate glass is used as resistors for
electronic circuitry.
TYPES OF GLASS

 5.Ninety-six percent silica glass is a borosilicate glass, melted and

formed by conventional means, then processed to remove almost all the
non-silicate elements from the piece. By reheating to 1200°C the resulting
pores are consolidated. This glass is resistant to heat shock up to 900°C.
 6.Ninety-six percent silica glass is a borosilicate glass, melted and
formed by conventional means, then processed to remove almost all the
non-silicate elements from the piece. By reheating to 1200°C the resulting
pores are consolidated. This glass is resistant to heat shock up to 900°C.
 7.Fused silica glass is pure silicon dioxide in the non-crystalline state. It
is very difficult to fabricate, so it is the most expensive of all glasses. It
can sustain operating temperatures up to 1200°C for short periods.
MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

 The manufacturing process of glass consists of four

major operations:
  Melting
  Shaping
  Annealing
 Finishing
MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

 Melting. The ingredients called batch materials are mixed in the

appropriate proportion and heated to fusion in a furnace. Many designs
of glass furnace are in use. The two most commonly used furnaces are:
 (i) Pot furnace
  (ii) Tank furnace
MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

   i.Pot Furnace. In this furnace,

the charge is fused in fire clay
pots. The pots may be opened or
closed. The closed pots are used
when the-glass is to be protected
from the products of combustion.
  Pot furnace is employed for the
production of high quality glass,
since the charge remains
protected from the products of
combustion.
MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

 (ii)   Tank Furnace. It

consists of a large
rectangular tank built of
fire clay blocks. The
batch materials are fed
into the tank and
producer gas is used as a
fuel in the furnace. (Fig.
4.2).
MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

 2. Shaping. The plastic glass formed

in the furnace is next shaped or
formed into the desired articles. It is
accomplished by blowing from mouth
or by means of a machine. Glass
blowing is a skillful art. The blowing of
a glass into bottle is done as
illustrated in Fig. 54.3. A lump of the
plastic glass is taken on a long iron
pipe. It is elongated under its weight
when hung downwards. The elongated
lump is introduced into a mould and is
inflated by blowing air into it from the
mouth. On cooling, the bottle is taken
out by removing the two-halves of the
mould.
MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

 3.   Annealing. It is a process of cooling slowly the newly shaped

articles. If they are cooled quickly they become brittle on account of the
high internal strain. Annealing allows the molecules to arrange
themselves in such a way that there is no internal strain when the mass
is cooled. Annealing is done in a tunnel like oven called lehr which is 50
to 60 feet long. At one end the temperature is a little below the
softening point of glass, i.e., 500-600°C and it gradually falls along the
length of the oven. At the other end the temperature is almost the same
as the room temperature. Immediately after shaping, the articles are
introduced into the lehr at the hotter end and travel towards the cooler
end by means of a moving belt. It takes a few hours for the articles to
move along through the tunnel. Some high quality glasses require long
annealing.
MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

 4.    Finishing. The articles obtained from the lehr are subjected to a

number of operations such as cleaning, polishing, grinding, rounding edges,
etc., for bringing them to a useable form.
  
 PHILTECH GLASS
 PRMS GLASS ART, INCORPORATED
 GLASTECK, INCORPORATED
 EVERGREEN MANUFACTURING
 PRESIDENT ALUMINUM GLASS CONTRACTOR AND SUPPLY
GLASS MANUFACTURING COMPANIES
AT THE PHILLIPINES
 PHILTECH GLASS
 PRMS GLASS ART, INCORPORATED
 GLASTECK, INCORPORATED
 EVERGREEN MANUFACTURING
 PRESIDENT ALUMINUM GLASS CONTRACTOR AND SUPPLY