RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY
METHOD OF RESEARCH
GROUP 4
LAGUNA STATE POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY (LSPU), LOS BAÑOS

CREATED BY R-LOU C. GARCIA

SESSION OBJECTIVES
• Differentiate the research designs/methods
• Determine the sampling technique to be adopted
• Describe ways of presenting research
instruments to be used in the study
• Distinguish the appropriate statistical tools for
data analysis and interpretation
TOPICS TO BE COVERED

A. Types of Research Method

B. Collection of Data
C. Instrumentation
D. Sampling Methods
E. Analysis, Presentation and Interpretation
 RESEARCH DESIGN
It refers to the overall
strategy that you choose
to integrate the different
components of the study
in a coherent and logical
way, that will effectively
address the research
problem;
it constitutes the Trochim (2015)
blueprint for the stated that
collection, Research design is
measurement, the glue that
and analysis of holds the research
data.  project together.
Sacred Heart University Library. (ND). Organizing Academic Research Papers: Types of Research Designs.
Retrieved from https://library.sacredheart.edu/c.php?g=29803&p=185902
 RESEARCH DESIGN
“the plan, structure, and Research problem
strategy of the determines the type of
investigation” (Librero, design you can use, not the
2008) other way around!

Sacred Heart University Library. (ND). Organizing Academic Research Papers: Types of Research Designs.
Retrieved from https://library.sacredheart.edu/c.php?g=29803&p=185902
 DESCRIPTIVE (SURVEY)

EXPERIMENTAL

QUANTITATIVE CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE

TYPES OF CORRELATIONAL

RESEARCH ETHNOGRAPHY

DESIGN CASE STUDY

QUALITATIVE HISTORICAL

PHENOMENOLOGY

GROUNDED THEORY
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGNS
NON DESCRIBES
RELATES VARIABLE
EXPERIMENTAL

EXPERIMENTAL CAUSE AND EFFECT

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGNS
NON
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL

DESCRIPTIVE / SURVEY TRUE EXPERIMENT

LONGITUDINAL QUASI EXPERIMENT

CORRELATIONAL
NON EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
It is used to describe a certain condition or
phenomenon in a given sample using quantifiable
descriptors

It involves the use of frequency count, percentage,

Likert scales, mean, and standard deviation in
answering the research questions.
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

EXAMPLES…

A teacher wants to determine A teacher wants to determine

the number of her students, the general academic
grouped according to their sex, performance of her students in
who are still non-readers. Mathematics.
LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH DESIGN

It is a prolonged process of descriptive research

design.
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
DESIGN
A design used to seek SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIP
between identified variables

EXAMPLES…

A teacher wants to find out if sex A teacher wants to determine if

can be a predictor of belonging to a broken family has
performance in English in his a relationship to the students’
class. attitude towards attending class.
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
 Experimental
Research Design

TRUE QUASI
EXPERIMENTAL EXPERIMENTAL
 TRUE QUASI
EXPERIMENTAL EXPERIMENTAL

PRE
RANDOMIZATION
EXPERIMENTAL

TIME SERIES
MANIPILATION
DESIGN

CONTROL
PHENOME- GROUNDED
NOLOGY THEORY
QUALITAT
IVE
RESEARC
H
DESIGNS
CASE
ETHNOGRAPHY
STUDY
PHENOMENOLOGY
is used to study an event or activity as it happens, from various angles. Using
interviews, videos, on-site visits etc., one can add on to existing information
using perspectives and insights from the participants themselves about the
activity or event. It is primarily an experience or perception based research
method.

ETHNOGRAPHY
 involves the researcher embedding himself or herself into the daily life and
routine of the subject or subjects. Either as an active participant or an
observer, the researcher experiences their customs, traditions, mannerisms,
reactions to situations etc. first hand, sometimes for years.

http://sixthfactor.com/2019/04/29/5-types-qualitative-research-methods/
GROUNDED THEORY
Grounded theory starts with a question or collection of data.
Through systematic data collection and analysis, repetitive ideas
or elements are coded, and codes are grouped or categorized.
New theories may be formed based on these categories.

CASE STUDY
The case study method is used to gather in-depth and detailed information
about a subject, which could be any entity, organization, event or something
larger like a country. The nature of this qualitative research method can be
explanatory or exploratory.

http://sixthfactor.com/2019/04/29/5-types-qualitative-research-methods/
METHODS OF
DATA COLLECTION
What is DATA COLLECTION?

The process by which the researcher collects

information needed to answer the research problems

Its task begins after a research problem has been

defined and research designed chalked out.
QUESTIONS NEEDED TO BE
ANSWERED:
WHICH DATA TO HOW TO COLLECT
COLLECT? DATA?

WHO WILL COLLECT WHEN TO COLLECT

THE DATA? THE DATA?
HOW TO CHOOSE DATA?

It should be based on identifiable hypothesis or

research problem.

It must be aligned with the research design and the

information gathered about the variables.
SELECTION OF DATA DEPENDS ON…
RESOURCES AVAILABLE
CREDIBILITY
ANALYSIS AND REPORTING

RESOURCES

SKILL OF THE EVALUATOR

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
QUESTIONNAIRE OBSERVATION

CHECKLIST RECORDS

DISTRIBUTION EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

INTERVIEW SURVEY APPROACH

 SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES
Non Probability Probability
Convenience Sampling Simple Random Sampling

Judgment Samples Systematic Sampling

Quota Sampling Stratified Sampling

Snowball Sampling Cluster Mapping

 Presentation,
Interpretation and
Analysis of Data
 Presentation should be clear and
scholarly done and may come in the form of
tables, figures or charts. Analysis refers to
the skill of the researcher in describing,
delineating similarities and differences,
highlighting the significant findings or data
and ability to extract information or
messages out of the presented data.
Interpretation is the explanation or
suggestions inferred from the data, their
implications but not conclusions.
 PRESENTATION OF DATA

Presents the findings of the study in the

in the order of the specific problem as
stated in the STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM.
 PRESENTATION OF DATA

Verbal – describes and narrates to readers what

the researcher has done and the results that he
or she has obtained

Symbolic – uses graphic representation, tables or

statistical values.
The use of tables and graph
• Tables and graphs are both ways to organize and
arrange data so that it is more easily understood
by the viewer.
• Tables and graphs are related in the sense that the
information used in tables is frequently also used
for the basis of graphs.
OTHER CONVENTIONS
REGARDING GRAPHICS
1. Keep graphics simple. Design the graphic to
help others understand your point.
2. Simplify your data
3. Use consistent symbols
4. Avoid special effects if they do not enhance the
point to be made.
Tables are numbered consecutively in Arabic numeral.
Table number should be written at the top and the
caption should be placed at the bottom just right
above the table box.

In typing tables, never cut table in two pages. You may

decrease the size of the font of your table to fit the size
in a short coupon bond or you may use landscape so
that you will have one table in a page. Avoid enlarging
the font size of your table in order to fit in such page.
Table caption should be the same as that which appears
in the list of tables. It is placed above the table unlike
that which is used in figures. The caption should tell in
precise terms what the table contains.

Table 1. Frequency and percentage distribution of the

respondents according to age.
 OTHER RULES IN CAPTION
1. No terminal punctuation.
2. Unusual abbreviation are not allowed in the table, if
necessary, put a legend at the bottom of the table.
3. Captions should be worded as concisely as clarity
permits.
4. When a table is placed broadside on a page the
caption should be on the binding side.
5. Be consistent in label size, font and style.
For Research Problem 1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms
of age, sex, educational attainment, civil status and position?

1. Profile of the Respondents In Terms of Age, Sex, Educational

Attainment, Civil Status and Position
TABLE 1. Profile of the Respondents In Terms of Gender
Number of Grade Number of Grade TOTAL
Sex 8 Teachers 8 Students
1 % 1 % 1 %
Male 9 69.23 78 65 87 65.41
Female 4 30.77 42 35 46 34.59
Total 13 100 120 100 133 100
 ANALYSIS OF DATA

It stresses those important result that

gives information that could answer the
problem you raised or posed in the
statement of the problem.
 INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Sufficient data should be used to justify

your inferences or generalizations. The
implications suggested by the data
should be explained and discussed
thoroughly in this portion the research.
 Data analysis and interpretation involves
comparing values on the dependent measures
in statistical cases. In the non statistical
approach, these comparisons usually involve
visual inspection of data.
Evaluation depends on projecting from
baseline data what findings would be like in the
future if some variables were not experimented.
Table 3. Test of Significant Relationship between the Level of the Implementation of
SBM in terms Leadership and Governance and Pupils’ Performance
Variables df r-value p-value Decision Remarks
Leadership and Governance and NAT Accept the Null Not
234 0.036 0.583
MPS Hypothesis Significant
Accept the Null Not
Leadership and Governance and LPAG 234 0.08 0.221
Hypothesis Significant
Failed to accept
Leadership and Governance and PHIL-IRI
234 0.144 0.028 the Null Significant
MPS
Hypothesis
Leadership and Governance and Accept the Null Not
234 0.11 0.093
Quarterly Test Hypothesis Significant
*p<0.05
The table presents the test of significant relationship
between the level of the implementation of SBM in terms
leadership and governance and pupils’ performance.
Based on the result NAT MPS, LPAG, and quarterly test are
not significantly related to the leadership and governance
obtaining p-values of 0.583, 0.221, and 0.093 respectively
while the PHIL-IRI MPS got a p-value of 0.028 which
means that it is significantly related to the leadership and
governance.
The result revealed that there is no significant relationship
between the level of the implementation of SBM in terms
leadership and governance and pupils’ performance. This
means that leadership and governance have a medium
effect on the pupils’ performance.
According to Bass Et al, (2013) leadership styles played an
important role in unit performance of one institution.
However, Coleman et al (2014) suggests that there are
other factors that influence the academic performance of
the students such as socio-economic status, family
educational culture, access of more educational materials,
localization, class size, and classroom climate and
atmosphere.
 Qualitative
Data Analysis
Qualitative data analysis is the process of examining and
interpreting qualitative data to understand what it
represents.

Qualitative data is defined as any non-numerical and

unstructured data; when looking at customer feedback,
qualitative data usually refers to any verbatim or text-
based feedback such as reviews, open-ended responses in
surveys, complaints, chat messages, customer interviews,
case notes or social media posts
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE DATA
ANALYSIS
NARRATIVE
CONTENT ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS

GROUNDED THEORY

DISCOURSE FRAMEWORK
ANALYSIS ANALYSIS
CONTENT ANALYSIS
This is the most common example of qualitative data analysis. It refers to the
categorization, tagging and thematic analysis of qualitative data. This can
include combining the results of the analysis with behavioral data for deeper
insights.

NARRATIVE ANALYSIS
Some qualitative data, such as interviews or field notes may contain a story.
For example, the process of choosing a product, using it, evaluating its
quality and decision to buy or not buy this product next time. Narrative
analysis helps understand the underlying events and their effect on the
overall outcome
https://getthematic.com/insights/coding-qualitative-data/
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
This refers to analysis of what people say in social and cultural context. It’s
particularly useful when your focus is on building or strengthening a brand.

FRAMEWORK ANALYSIS
When performing qualitative data analysis, it is useful to have a framework.
A code frame (a hierarchical set of themes used in coding qualitative data) is
an example of such framework.

https://getthematic.com/insights/coding-qualitative-data/
GROUNDED THEORY
This method of analysis starts by formulating a theory around a single data
case. Therefore the theory is “grounded’ in actual data. Then additional
cases can be examined to see if they are relevant and can add to the original
theory.

https://getthematic.com/insights/coding-qualitative-data/
RESEARCHERS USE CODING
AND OTHER QUALITATIVE DATA
ANALYSIS PROCESSES TO HELP
THEM MAKE DATA-DRIVEN
DECISIONS BASED ON
CUSTOMER FEEDBACK. 
Thematic coding, also called thematic
analysis, is a type of qualitative data
analysis that finds themes in text by
analyzing the meaning of words and
sentence structure.
When you use thematic coding to analyze
customer feedback for example, you can
learn which themes are most frequent in
feedback. This helps you understand what
drives customer satisfaction in an
https://www.slideshare.net/kontorphilip/qualitative-analysis-coding-and-categorizing
CODING METHODS AND
STRATEGIES
Coding
Sorting
Synthesizing
Theorizing
https://www.slideshare.net/kontorphilip/qualitative-analysis-coding-and-categorizing
https://www.slideshare.net/kontorphilip/qualitative-analysis-coding-and-categorizing
https://www.slideshare.net/kontorphilip/qualitative-analysis-coding-and-categorizing
https://www.slideshare.net/kontorphilip/qualitative-analysis-coding-and-categorizing
https://www.slideshare.net/kontorphilip/qualitative-analysis-coding-and-categorizing
PRESENTING FINDINGS
1. Providing information about participants or the observed
(especially the first cycle coding: attribute coding)

2. Presenting the coding strategies used, number of codes,

categories, and themes emerged.

3. Systematically presenting the findings

a. Stating each theme
b. Describing what the theme stands for.
c. Supporting the themes with evidence from the data
Category / Meaning (brief) Evidences from
Theme the data
Theme 1
Theme 2
Theme 3
 Research is an organized method of trying to
find out what you are going to do after you
cannot do what you are doing now. It may
also be said to be the method of keeping a
customer reasonably dissatisfied with what he
has. That means constant improvement and
change so that the customer will be
stimulated to desire the new product enough
to buy it to replace the one he has

Charles F. Kettering
REFERENCES