MOTOR TORQUE

1. Torque
It is meant the turning or twisting amount of a
force about an axis. It is measured by the product of
the force and the radius at which the force acts.

T= Fr
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2. Armature Torque (Ta)
It is the torque developed by the armature of
a motor at a certain speed. It is also called as
developed torque or gross torque.
Ta = 0.159 N-m

Ta = 0.1173 lb-ft

Ta = 9.55 N-m

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For a given dc motor, Z, P and a are constants,

Ta = kIa

Ta = k1 For dc series motor

Ta = k2 Ia For dc shunt motor

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3. Shaft Torque (Tsh)

It is the torque available at the same shaft which
is for using useful work.

Tsh = 9.55
 4. Lost Torque (Tlost)
It is the torque which is due to the iron and
friction losses of the motor.

Where: Ta = armature torque in N-m

Tsh = shaft torque in N-m
Tlost = lost torque in N-m
Eb = back emf of the motor
Ia = armature current
n = armature speed, rpm
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 SPEED REGULATION
1. Speed Regulation
It describes the change in speed of a motor as a
load is placed upon it, other conditions remaining
constant.
2. Percent Speed Regulation (%SR)
It refers to the change in speed between no-
load and full load and is expressed in percent of
full-load speed.

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 APPLICATIONS OF DC MOTORS
TYPE OF MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS APPLICATIONS
Shunt Approximately constant For driving constant
speed speed line shafting
Adjustable speed Lathes, centrifugal
Medium starting torque pumps, machine tools,
(up to 1.5 F.L. torque) blowers and fans,
reciprocating pumps
Series Variable speed For traction work i.e.
Adjustable speed Electric locomotives,
High starting torque rapid transit systems,
trolley cars, cranes and
hoists, conveyors
Compound Variable speed For intermittent high
Adjustable speed torque loads
High starting torque For shears and punchers,
elevators, conveyors, ice
 MOTOR POWER STAGES
A B C

Copper Iron and

Losses Driving Friction
Motor Input Losses Motor
Power in
= VIL Output
Armature
= Eb I a

Copper Losses = A-B Iron and Friction Losses = B-C

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Motor Efficiencies
1. Mechanical Efficiency

ƞ m ==

2. Electrical Efficiecy

ƞe ===

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3. Over-all Commercial Efficiency

ƞ m ===

4. Losses in a Motor
Copper Losses
Magnetic Losses
Mechanical Losses

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5. Condition for Maximum Efficiency
Variable Loss = Constant Loss
Armature Cu Loss = Constant Loss

Eb = IaRa = Jacobi’s Law

Jacobi’s Law
The maximum power occurs for a constant
suppressed voltage when the generated counter
emf is one-half of the impresses voltage.

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6. Maximum Power Developed by a Motor

Pmax = IaRa =

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