Operating

System
Computer Architecture
 Computer System
Operation Basics
Four basic components of a computer system:

CPU
Primary memory
Secondary memory
I/O devices
 Computer System
Operation Basics

Interrupts
-signal sent by the device and programs from the
CPU to tell the CPU that its services are needed.
 Memory
Primary memory
-where programs and the data are processing
reside during execution.

Secondary memory
-where all programs and data are permanently
stored since it does not lose its content whenever
power is cut off
 Two types of RAM chips:
Static Bipolar RAM chips (SRAM chips)
Dynamic RAM chips (DRAM chips)

Cache memory
-smaller version of the main memory but it is
constructed using SRAM chips.
Two types of cache memories:
1. Primary cache or L1 cache
2. Secondary cache or L2 cache
 Input Output Operations
Three method used by the CPU in
communicating or transferring data to or from
I/O device:

 Program-controlled I/O – data transfer to or from

the I/O device is done under the control of a
program being executed by the CPU.
 Input Output Operations
Interrupt driven I/O – devices send an interrupt
signal to the CPU to inform it that a requested
operation has been completed

Direct Memory Access (DMA) – high-speed I/O

devices are allowed to transfer blocks of data to or
from the main memory without passing through the
CPU, meaning I/O devices can directly access the
main memory
 Protection Mechanism
Dual – mode operation
1. Monitor mode
2. User mode

Memory protection

I/O protection

CPU protection
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