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Phase Transformations: Issues To Address..
Phase Transformations: Issues To Address..
Phase Transformations: Issues To Address..
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
• Transforming one phase into another takes time.
Fe Fe C
3
Eutectoid
transformation (cementite)
(Austenite) +
C FCC (BCC)
(ferrite)
Chapter 11 - 2
Solidification: Nucleation Types
• Homogeneous nucleation
– nuclei form in the bulk of liquid metal
– requires considerable supercooling
(typically 80-300°C)
• Heterogeneous nucleation
– much easier since stable “nucleating surface” is
already present — e.g., mold wall, impurities in
liquid phase
– only very slight supercooling (0.1-10ºC)
Chapter 11 - 3
Homogeneous Nucleation & Energy Effects
Surface Free Energy- destabilizes
the nuclei (it takes energy to make
an interface)
D GS =4pr 2 g
= surface tension
r* decreases as T increases
For typical T r* ~ 10 nm
Chapter 11 - 5
Rate of Phase Transformations
fraction time
transformed
– k & n are transformation specific parameters
Fe3C (cementite)
(austenite) Materials Park, OH, 1990.)
1000
Eutectoid: +Fe3C
ferrite 800 Equil. Cooling: Ttransf. = 727ºC
727°C
T +Fe C 3
600
Undercooling by Ttransf. < 727C
0.022
0.76
400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
(Fe) C, wt%C
Chapter 11 - 9
The Fe-Fe3C Eutectoid Transformation
• Transformation of austenite to pearlite:
Diffusion of C
Austenite () cementite (Fe3C) during transformation
grain Ferrite ()
boundary
pearlite
Adapted from
Fig. 10.15, growth
Callister &
Rethwisch 4e. direction
• For this transformation, 100
Carbon
diffusion
rate increases with y (% pearlite) 600°C
(T larger)
[Teutectoid – T ] (i.e., T). 50 650°C
Adapted from
675°C Fig. 11.12,
(T smaller) Callister &
Rethwisch 4e.
0
100
T = 675°C
y,
50
0
1 10 2 10 4 time (s)
T(°C) Austenite (stable)
TE (727C)
700 Austenite
(unstable)
1 10 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 Chapter 11 - 11
Austenite-to-Pearlite Isothermal Transformation
• Eutectoid composition, C0 = 0.76 wt% C
• Begin at T > 727ºC
• Rapidly cool to 625ºC
• Hold T (625ºC) constant (isothermal treatment)
T(ºC) Austenite (stable)
TE (727ºC)
700 Austenite
(unstable)
Transformation and
50% rlite
500
0%
Cooling Transformation
pea
Diagrams, American
Society for Metals, 1997,
p. 28.)
400
1 10 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5
time (s)
Chapter 11 - 12
Transformations Involving
Noneutectoid Compositions
Consider C0 = 1.13 wt% C
T(°C) T(°C)
900 1600
A 1400 L
800
Fe3C (cementite)
+
A TE (727°C) +L
1200 L+Fe3C
700 A C (austenite)
P 1000
A
+ P +Fe3C
600
800
727°C
T +Fe3C
500 600
0.022
0.76
1 10 102 103 104 400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
1.13
time (s) (Fe)
C, wt%C
Adapted from Fig. 11.16, Adapted from Fig. 10.28,
Callister & Rethwisch 4e. Callister & Rethwisch 4e.
200
100
0%
50%
Chapter 11 - 15
Martensite: A Nonequilibrium
Transformation Product
• Martensite:
-- (FCC) to Martensite (BCT)
x
Fe atom
60 m
potential
x x
sites x x C atom sites
x Adapted from Fig. 11.21,
Callister & Rethwisch 4e.
Cooling curve
Chapter 11 - 19
Isothermal Heat Treatment Example
Problems
On the isothermal transformation diagram for
a 0.45 wt% C, Fe-C alloy, sketch and label
the time-temperature paths to produce the
following microstructures:
a) 42% proeutectoid ferrite and 58% coarse
pearlite
b) 50% fine pearlite and 50% bainite
c) 100% martensite
d) 50% martensite and 50% austenite
Chapter 11 - 20
Solution to Part (a) of Example
Problem
a) 42% proeutectoid ferrite and 58% coarse pearlite
Fe-Fe3C phase diagram,
Isothermally treat at ~ 680°C for C0 = 0.45 wt% C
800 A+
T (°C) A
-- all austenite transforms
to proeutectoid and
A+P
coarse pearlite. 600 P
B
C0 - 0.022 A+B
Wpearlite = A
0.76 - 0.022 50%
400
M (start)
M (50%)
0.45 - 0.022
= = 0.58 M (90%)
0.76 - 0.022 200
Wa ¢ = 1 - 0.58 = 0.42
0
Adapted from Fig. 11.50, 0.1 10 103 105
Callister & Rethwisch 4e. time (s)
Chapter 11 - 21
Solution to Part (b) of Example
Problem
b) 50% fine pearlite and 50% bainite
Fe-Fe3C phase diagram,
for C0 = 0.45 wt% C
800 A+
Isothermally treat at ~ 590°C T (°C) A
– 50% of austenite transforms
to fine pearlite. P
A+P
600
B
Then isothermally treat A+B
A
at ~ 470°C 50%
400
– all remaining austenite M (start)
transforms to bainite. M (50%)
M (90%)
200
0
Adapted from Fig. 11.50, 0.1 10 103 105
Callister & Rethwisch 4e. time (s)
Chapter 11 - 22
Solutions to Parts (c) & (d) of Example
Problem
c) 100% martensite – rapidly quench to room
temperature Fe-Fe3C phase diagram,
for C0 = 0.45 wt% C
d) 50% martensite 800 A
A+
T (°C)
& 50% austenite
A+P
-- rapidly quench to 600 P
B
~ 290°C, hold at this
A+B
temperature A
400 50%
M (start)
M (50%)
M (90%)
d)
200
c)
0
Adapted from 11.50, 0.1 10 103 105
Callister & Rethwisch 4e. time (s)
Chapter 11 - 23
Mechanical Props: Influence of C Content
Pearlite (med)
Pearlite (med) Cementite
ferrite (soft) (hard)
Adapted from Fig. 10.34, C0 < 0.76 wt% C C0 > 0.76 wt% C Adapted from Fig. 10.37,
Callister & Rethwisch 4e. Callister & Rethwisch 4e.
Hypoeutectoid Hypereutectoid
Hypo Hyper Hypo Hyper
TS(MPa) %EL 80
1100
0 0.5
0.76
0 0.5 1
wt% C wt% C
• Increase C content: TS and YS increase, %EL decreases
Chapter 11 - 24
Mechanical Props: Fine Pearlite vs. Coarse
Pearlite vs. Spheroidite
Ductility (%RA)
spheroidite
60
Brinell hardness
240 coarse
pearlite
spheroidite
160 30 coarse
pearlite
fine
80 pearlite
0
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
wt%C wt%C
Adapted from Fig. 11.31, Callister &
• Hardness: fine > coarse > spheroidite Rethwisch 4e. (Fig. 11.31 based on
data from Metals Handbook: Heat
• %RA: fine < coarse < spheroidite Treating, Vol. 4, 9th ed., V. Masseria
(Managing Ed.), American Society for
Metals, 1981, pp. 9 and 17.)
Chapter 11 - 25
Mechanical Props: Fine Pearlite vs.
Martensite
Hypo Hyper
600
Brinell hardness
martensite
Adapted from Fig. 11.33,
Callister & Rethwisch 4e. (Fig.
400 11.33 adapted from Edgar C.
Bain, Functions of the Alloying
Elements in Steel, American
Society for Metals, 1939, p. 36;
200 and R.A. Grange, C.R. Hribal,
fine pearlite and L.F. Porter, Metall. Trans. A,
Vol. 8A, p. 1776.)
0
0 0.5 1
wt% C
• Hardness: fine pearlite << martensite.
Chapter 11 - 26
Tempered Martensite
Heat treat martensite to form tempered martensite
• tempered martensite less brittle than martensite
• tempering reduces internal stresses caused by quenching
TS(MPa)
YS(MPa)
1800
1600 TS
Adapted from Adapted from Fig.
YS
9 m
Fig. 11.35, 1400 11.34, Callister &
Callister & Rethwisch 4e. (Fig.
Rethwisch 4e. 11.34 copyright by
(Fig. 11.35 1200 60 United States Steel
adapted from Corporation,
Fig. furnished 1000 50 1971.)
courtesy of %RA %RA
Republic Steel
40
Corporation.) 800 30
200 400 600
Tempering T (°C)
• tempering produces extremely small Fe3C particles surrounded by
• tempering decreases TS, YS but increases %RA
Chapter 11 - 27
Summary of Possible Transformations
Adapted from
Austenite () Fig. 11.37,
Callister &
Rethwisch 4e.
slow moderate rapid
cool cool quench
Martensite reheat
T Martensite
Strength
Ductility
bainite Tempered
fine pearlite Martensite
coarse pearlite ( + very fine
spheroidite Fe3C particles)
pre ny s
so .
era ita ge
lid uil
lut
30
ma
tensile strength (MPa)
%EL (2 in sample)
pre wer
d”
no
400 fe
20
300
149°C 10
200 204°C 149°C
204°C
100 0
1min 1h 1day 1mo 1yr 1min 1h 1day 1mo 1yr
precipitation heat treat time precipitation heat treat time
Adapted from Fig. 11.46 (a) and (b), Callister & Rethwisch 4e. (Fig. 11.46 adapted from Metals
Handbook: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker Chapter 11 - 30
(Managing Ed.), American Society for Metals, 1979. p. 41.)
Melting & Glass Transition Temps.
What factors affect Tm and Tg?
• Both Tm and Tg increase with
increasing chain stiffness
• Chain stiffness increased by
presence of
1. Bulky sidegroups
2. Polar groups or sidegroups
3. Chain double bonds and
aromatic chain groups
Chapter 11 - 33