• Alvita Akfarahin N

• Liza Purnamasari
• Johan Pratama
• Zhafira Putri Khairani

K3-2017

GROUP 2
 Pearson correlation
using spss

SPSS Lab
Intro

• We have dealt with inferential tests used to

examine differences between groups, now we
look at inferential tests used to examine
relationships between variables.
Inferential Statistics: Examining Relationships

• Popular inferential statistics examining

relationships between variables include:
• Correlations (Pearson, Spearman, etc)
• Chi-square test
• Simple linear regression and Multiple
Regression
 Pearson Correlation

• Used to examine relationships between

two or more quantitative/numerical
variables.
• If they are related, we want to know how
much. Is there a strong relationship between
two variables or is it a weak
relationship? What is the direction of the
relationship?
R value

• The Pearson correlation tells you the

strength and direction of a relationship
between two quantitative/numerical
variables. It ranges from negative (-1) to
positive (+1) coefficient values.
• Look at r value
Interpret r value
Assumptions

•Related pairs: both variables are from the

same participant

•Interval and ratio level

•Normally distributed

•Linear relationship

•Homoscedasticity
Heteroscedastic

Homoscedastic
 Preliminary Analysis of the Data:
the Scatterplot

• Before conducting any kind of correlational analysis it is

essential to plot a scatterplot and look at the shape of your
data. A scatterplot is simply a graph that displays each subject’s
scores on two variables (or three variables if you do a 3-D
scatterplot).

• A scatterplot can tell you about: scedasticity, whether there

seems to be a relationship between the variables, what kind of
relationship it might be and whether there are outliers.
 Example

Is there any relationship between height

and jumping distance?

H0: There is no relationship between

height and jumping distance.
H1: There is a relationship between height
and jumping distance. (2-tailed)
DATA
 Scatterplot
• Graphs -> Legacy Dialogs ->Scatter/Dot ->
Simple Scatter. Fill up Y and X axis.
Set Markers by: You can use a grouping variable to define
different categories on the scatterplot (it will display each
category in a different color). Eg: Gender
Which One?
 Bivariate correlation

Analyze⇒
Correlate⇒
Bivariate
 Result

The * or ** means we can reject Ho

r(df)=r-value, p=p-value
r(12)=0.774, p<0.01
 A Word of Warning about
Interpretation: Causality
Although we can conclude that height has a correlation
with jumping distance, we cannot say that high height
causes longer jumping distance. Why?
1. The Third Variable Problem: there may be other
measured or unmeasured variables effecting the
results.
2. Direction of Causality: Correlation coefficients say
nothing about which variable causes the other to
change.
 Using r-square for Interpretation
Although we cannot make direct
conclusions about causality, we can draw
conclusions about variability by squaring
the correlation coefficient. By squaring the
correlation coefficient, we get a measure of
how much of the variability in one variable
is explained by the other.
R= 0.774, therefore r2= 0.599 (59.9%)
• we can say that height accounts for 59.9% of
the variability in jumping distance. So,
although height was highly correlated to
jumping distance, it can account for only
59.9% of variation in jumping distance.
• To put this value into perspective, this leaves
40.1% of the variability still to be accounted
for by other variables.
• So, although height can account for 59.9% of
the variation jumping distance, it does not
necessarily cause this variation.
 Reference

• Field, A. P. (2013) Discovering Statistics using

IBM SPSS Statistics. London: Sage.
(Note: It’s an awesome book)