Satellite Communication

Satellite Communication
1
INTRODUCTION
• Satellites orbiting the earth follow the same
laws that govern the motion of the planets
around the sun.
• Kepler’s law is applicable to any two bodies
in space which interact through gravitation.
• The more massive of the two bodies is
referred to as the primary, the other, the
secondary or satellite.
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How Satellites are used
• Service Types
 Fixed Service Satellites (FSS)

• Example: Point to Point Communication
 Broadcast Service Satellites (BSS)
• Example: Satellite Television/Radio
• Also called Direct Broadcast Service (DBS).
 Mobile Service Satellites (MSS)
• Example: Satellite Phones
How Satellites Work
• A Earth Station sends
message in GHz range.
(Uplink)
• Satellite Receive and

retransmit signals back.
(Downlink)
• Other Earth Stations
receive message in useful
strength area. (Footprint)
Satellite
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KEPLER’S FIRST LAW
• Kepler’s first law states that the path followed by a
satellite around its primary (the earth) will be an
ellipse. This ellipse has two focal points (foci) F1 and
F2 .
• Center of mass of the earth will always present at one
of the two foci of the ellipse
• The eccentricity and the semimajor axis are two orbital
parameters specified for satellites orbiting the earth.
• For an elliptical orbit, 0 < e < 1.
• When e = 0, the orbit becomes circular.
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KEPLER’S FIRST LAW
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KEPLER’S SECOND LAW
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KEPLER’S SECOND LAW
• States that, for equal time intervals, a satellite
will sweep out equal areas in its orbital plane,
focused at the barycenter.
• The satellite travels distances S 1 and S2 meters
in 1s, then the areas A1 and A2 will be equal.
• The average velocity in each case is S 1 and S2
m/s.
• The satellite takes longer to travel a given
distance when it is farther away from earth.
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KEPLER’S THIRD LAW
• States that the square of the periodic time
of orbit is proportional to the cube of the
mean distance between the two bodies.
• The mean distance is equal to the
semimajor axis a.
• For the artificial satellites orbiting the
earth,
a3 = µ/n2
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KEPLER’S THIRD LAW
Kepler’s third law states that, the square of the periodic time
of an elliptical orbit is proportional to the cube of its semi
major axis length
Where, ‘n’ is the mean motion of the satellite in radians per 11

second
SATELLITE FREQUENCY BANDS
• Allocating frequencies to satellite services

is carried out under the auspices of the
International Telecommunication Union
(ITU).
• To facilitate frequency planning, the world
is divided into three regions:
• Region 1: Europe, Africa, what was
formerly the Soviet Union, and Mongolia
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• Region 2: North and South America and

Greenland
• Region 3: Asia (excluding region 1 areas),
Australia, and the south-west Pacific.
• Within these regions, frequency bands are
allocated to various satellite services.
• Some of the services provided by satellites
are:
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1. Fixed satellite service (FSS)
2. Broadcasting satellite service (BSS).
3. Mobile satellite services.
4. Navigational satellite services.
5. Meteorological satellite services.
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ORBITAL POSITION
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DEFINITIONS
• Subsatellite path: path traced out on the
earth’s surface directly below the satellite.
• Apogee: The point farthest from earth,
shown as ha in the figure.
• Perigee: The point of closest approach to
earth, shown as hp in the figure.
• Line of apsides: The line joining the perigee
and apogee through the center of the earth.
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DEFINITIONS
• Ascending node: The point where the orbit
crosses the equatorial plane going from
south to north.
• Descending node: The point where the orbit
crosses the equatorial plane going from
north to south.
• Line of nodes: The line joining the
ascending and descending nodes through
the center of the earth.
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DEFINITIONS
• Inclination: The angle between the orbital
plane and the earth’s equatorial plane.
• Prograde orbit: An orbit in which the
satellite moves in the same direction as
the earth’s rotation.
• Retrograde orbit: An orbit in which the
satellite moves in a direction counter to the
earth’s rotation.
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Types of Orbits
Geosynchronous
• Same rotational velocity as earth
• Maintains position relative to earth
• Altitude - 35 786 km
• Velocity - 11 300 km/hr
Asynchronous
• Much lower altitude = much higher velocity
• Position over earth constantly changing
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Types of Orbits
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Types of Orbits
• GEO: ~ 36000 km from the earth
• MEO: 6000 - 20000 km
• LEO: 500 - 1500 km
• HEO: Highly Elliptical Orbit, elliptical
orbits
• Difficulties from radiation belts.
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Types of Orbits
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Comparison of Orbit
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GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT
• The geostationary height hGSO is 36,000 km.
• In practice, a precise geostationary orbit
cannot be attained:
1. Disturbance forces in space and the
effects of the earth’s equatorial bulge.
2. The gravitational fields of the sun and the
moon produce a shift of about 0.85°/year
in inclination.
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GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT
• The earth’s equatorial ellipticity causes the
satellite to drift eastward along the orbit.
• There is only one geostationary orbit.
• Communications authorities throughout
the world regard the geostationary orbit as
a natural resource.
• Its use is carefully regulated through
national and international agreements.
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GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT
Antenna look angle
• Look angles are required
such that the earth station
antenna points or "looks at"
the satellite directly. From a
location on earth, the 2 look
angles that are needed are
Azimuth and Elevation.
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GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT
• .
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GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT
• .
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GEOSTATIONARY AZIMUTH ANGLE
R=6371 KM
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GEOSTATIONARY LIMIT OF VISIBILITY
The east and west limits of geostationary are visible from any given
Earth station. These limits are set by the geographic coordinates of the
. Earth station and antenna elevation. The lowest elevation is zero (in
theory) but in practice, to avoid reception of excess noise from Earth
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GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT
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Satellite Multiple Access
• Modulation and Multiplexing: Voice, Data, Video Communications
satellites are used to carry telephone, video, and datasignals, and
can use both analog and digital modulation techniques.
• Modulation:Modification of a carrier’s parameters (amplitude,
frequency, phase, or a combination of them) in dependence on
the symbol to be sent
• Multiplexing:Task of multiplexing is to assign space, time,
frequency, and code to each communication channel with a
minimum of interference and a maximum ofmedium utilization
Communication channel refers to an association of sender(s)and
receiver(s) that want to exchange data One of several
constellations of a carrier’s parameters defined by the used
modulation scheme
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• In all access method each signal is associated with a particular
code that is used to spread the signal in frequency and/or time.
All such signals will be received simultaneously at an earth
station, but by using the key to the code, the station can recover
the desired signal by means of correlation. The other signals
occupying the transponder channel appear very much like
random noise to the correlation decoder
• An alternative to preassignment is demand-assigned multiple
access(DAMA). In this method, all circuits are available to all
users and are assigned according to the demand. DAMA results
in more efficient over all use of the circuits but is more costly
and complicated to implement.These multiple-access methods
refer to the way in which a singletransponder channel is utilized.
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• Commonly used multiple access
techniques include the following:
• Frequency division multiple access
(FDMA)
• Time division multiple access (TDMA)
• Code division multiple access (CDMA)
• Space domain multiple access (SDMA)
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• Frequency division multiple access
(FDMA)
In FDMA, each user is allocated a unique
frequency band or channel. During the
period of the call, no other user can share
the same frequency band.
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• It is also possible for transponders to
operate at the same frequency but to be
connected to different spot beam antennas.
These allow the satellite as a whole to be
accessed by earth stations widely separated
geographically but transmitting on the same
frequency. This is termed frequency reuse.
This method of access is referred to as
space-division multiple access (SDMA).
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Single Access :With single access, a single modulated
carrier occupies the whole oftheavailable bandwidth of a
transponder. Single-access operation is used on heavy-
traffic routes and requires large earth station antenna
Preassigned FDMA:Frequency slots may be

preassigned to analog and digital signals, andto illustrate
the method, analog signals in the FDM/FM/FDMA format
will be considered first. As the acronyms indicate, the
signals are frequency-division multiplexed, frequency
modulated (FM), with frequency-division multiple access
to the satellite
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Preassignment also may be made on the basis of a single channel
per carrier (SCPC). This refers to a single voice (or data) channel per
carrier, not a transponder channel, which may in fact carry some
hundreds of voice channels by this method. The carriers may be
frequency modulated or phase-shift modulated, and an earth station
may be capable of transmitting one or more SCPC signals
simultaneously.
Figure shows the INTELSAT SCPC channeling scheme for a36-MHz
transponder. The transponder bandwidth is subdivided into 800
channels each 45 kHz wide. The 45 kHz, which includes a guardband,
is required for each digitized voice channel, which utilizes QPSK
Modulation
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41
Spade System:The word Spade is a loose acronym for single-channel-
per-carrier pulsecode-modulated multiple-access demand-assignment
equipment. Spade was developed by Comsat for use on the INTELSAT
satellites.
The CSC bandwidth is 160 kHz, and its center frequency is 18.045 MHz
below the pilot frequency. To avoid interference with the CSC, voice
channels 1 and 2 are left vacant, and to maintain duplex matching, that
channel 400 also must be left vacant, this requires that channel 800 be
left vacant for duplex matching. Thus six channels are removed from the
total of 800, leaving a total of 794 one-way or 397 full-duplex voice
circuits, the frequencies in any pair being separated by 18.045 MHz,
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All the earth stations are permanently connected through the
commonsignaling channel (CSC),for six earth stations A, B, C, D, E, and
F. Each earth station has the facility for generating any one of the 794
carrier frequencies using frequency synthesizers. Furthermore, each
earth station has memory containing a list of the frequencies currently
available, and this list is continuously updated through the CSC. To
illustrate the procedure, suppose that a call to station F is initiated from
station C.Station C will first select a frequency pair at random from those
currently available on the list and signal this information to station
Fthrough the CSC. Station F must acknowledge, through the CSC, that it
can complete the circuit. Once the circuit is established, the other earth
stations are instructed, through the CSC, to remove the frequency pair
from the list.
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TDMA:
• TDMA systems divide the channel time
into frames. Each frame is further
partitioned into timeslots. In each slot only
one user is allowed to either transmit or
receive.
• Unlike FDMA, only digital data and digital
modulation must be used.
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Features:
• Multiple channels per carrier or RF channels.
• Burst transmission since channels are used on a
timesharing basis.Transmitter can be turned off
during idle periods.
• Narrow or wide bandwidth–depends on factors
such as modulationscheme, number of voice
channels per carrier channel.
• High ISI–Higher transmission symbol rate, hence
resulting in high ISI.Adaptive equalizer required.
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• Preassigned TDMA:An example of a preassigned
TDMA network is the common signalling channel
(CSC) for the Spade network
• .Another example of a preassigned TDMA frame
format is theINTELSAT frame shown in simplified form
in Fig. In the INTELSAT system,preassigned and
demand-assigned voice channels are carried together,
but for clarity, only a preassigned traffic burst is
shown. The traffic burst is subdivided into time slots,
termed satellitechannelsin the INTELSAT terminology,
and there can be up to 128 ofthese in a traffic burst
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• Demand-assigned TDMA :A number of methods are available
for providing traffic flexibility with TDMA. The burst length
assigned to a station may be varied as the traffic demand
varies. A central control station may be employed by the
network to control the assignment of burst lengths to each
participating station.As an alternative to burst-length variation,
the burst length may bekept constant and the number of bursts
per frame used by a given station varied as demand requires.
In one proposed system (CCIR Report 708, 1982), the frame
length is fixed at 13.5 ms. The basic burst time slot is 62.5 _s,
and stations in the network transmit information bursts varying
in discrete steps over the range 0.5 ms (8 basic bursts) to 4.5
ms (72 basic bursts) per frame.
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• With CDMAthe individual carriers may be present
simultaneously within the same rf bandwidth, but each
carrier carries a unique code waveform (in addition to
the information signal) that allows it to be separated from
all the others at the receiver. The carrier is modulated in
the normal way by the information waveform and then is
further modulated by the code waveform to spread the
spectrum over the available rf bandwidth. Many of the
key properties of CDMArely on this spectrum spreading,
and the systems employing CDMA are also known as
spread-spectrum multiple access (SSMA)
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• Spreading signal (code) consists of chips
• Has Chip period and hence, chip rate
• Spreading signal use a pseudo-noise (PN) sequence (a pseudo-
random sequence)
• PN sequence is called a codeword
• Each user has its own cordword
• Codewords are orthogonal. (low autocorrelation)
• Chip rate is order of magnitude larger than the symbol rate.
• The receiver correlator distinguishes the senders signal by
examining the wideband signal with the same time-synchronized
spreading code
• The sent signal is recovered by despreading process at the receiver
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FDMA/CDMA
• Available wideband spectrum is frequency divided into
numbernarrowband radio channels. CDMA is employed inside each
channel.
DS/FHMA
• The signals are spread using spreading codes (direct sequence
signalsare obtained), but these signal are not transmitted over a
constantcarrier frequency; they are transmitted over a frequency
hoppingcarrier frequency.
Time Division CDMA (TCDMA)
• Eachcell is using a different spreading code (CDMA employedbetween
cells) that is conveyed to the mobiles in its range.
• Inside each cell (inside a CDMA channel), TDMA is employed
tomultiplex multiple users.
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Comparison
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INTELSAT
• Series:INTELSAT stands for International
Telecommunications Satellite.The organization was
created in1964 and currently has over
140membercountries
andmorethan40investingentities(seehttp://www.inte
lsat.com/for more details).In July 2001 INTELSAT
became a private company and in May 2002
thecompany began providing end-to-end
solutionsthroughanetworkofteleports,leasedfiber,an
dpointsofpresence(PoPs)aroundtheglobe.
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INTELSAT
• .
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INSAT
• TheIndian National Satellite Systemis a series of multipurposegeo-
stationary satellite slaunched byISROto satisfy
thetelecommunications,broadcasting,meteorology, andsearch and
rescueoperations.Commissioned in 1983, INSAT is the largest domestic
communicationsystem in theAsia PacificRegion. It is a joint venture of
theDepartment ofSpace,Department of Telecommunications,India
Meteorological Department,
• All India RadioandDoordarshan. Theoverall coordination and management
ofINSAT system rests with the Secretary-level INSAT Coordination
Committee.INSAT satellites providetranspondersin various bands (C, S,
ExtendedCand Ku) to serve the television and communication needs
ofIndia. Some of thesatellites also have theVery High Resolution
Radiometer(VHRR),CCDcamerasformetrologicalimaging.The satellites
also incorporate transponder(s) for receiving distress alertsignals for
search and rescue missions in theSouth AsianandIndian OceanRegion, as
ISRO is a member of theCospas-Sarsatprogramme.
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Satellite Communication

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Satellite Communication

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Satellite Communication

 Fixed Service Satellites (FSS)

• Satellite Receive and

Where, ‘n’ is the mean motion of the satellite in radians per 11

• Allocating frequencies to satellite services

• Region 2: North and South America and

Preassigned FDMA:Frequency slots may be

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