ARUSHA TECHNICAL COLLEGE

GROUP WORK

MODULE NAME: MOBILE COMPUTING

MODULE CODES: CSU 08305
 GROUP MEMBERS

S/NO STUDENT NAME ADMISSION NUMBER

1 TITO SILAS 20050513121
2 SIMA S. NYABUNYA 20050513117
3 ADEODATUS LUDAN 20050513005
4 NICHOLAUS D. LADISLAUS 20050513096
5 BARAKA G. MINJA 20050513020
6 DAMIANI J. KIMARO 20050513025
7 DONATHA D. BALOHO 20050513032
8 NEEMA T. LESS 20051013078
9 EMERENSIANA .E.MTWALE 2O051013027

10 ATHANAS D. HAULE 20050513013

11 AZIZ CHARLES 20050513016

12 WAJIHI RAMADHANI 20050513125
13 EMANUEL M SIRIA 20051013026
14 ALINUTWE A XIBONA 20050513006
15 KAHENA BUKURU 20050513075
 CONCEPT OF CDMA

CDMA (Code-Division Multiple Access) refers to any of several protocols used in second-generation
(2G) and third-generation (3G) wireless communications.
As the term implies, CDMA is a form of multiplexing, which allows numerous signals to occupy a
single transmission channel, optimizing the use of available bandwidth.
The technology is used in ultra-high-frequency (UHF) cellular phone systems in the 800 megahertz
(MHz) and 1.9 gigahertz (GHz) bands.
Thus, CDMA allows several users to share a band of frequencies without undue interference between
the users. It is used as an access method in many mobile phone standards.
 Implementation of CDMA

There are two ways in which CDMA is implanted: -

i. Direct Sequence/ Sequencing
ii. Frequency Hopping
I. Direct Sequencing: -
• The principle of operation of DS-CDMA is such that two or even more signals of the same
bandwidth, get individually spread by a user-specific
• What is Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)? DS... https://electronicsdesk.com/code-division-
multiple-acc...
• 2 of 9 12/19/22, 16:55
• orthogonal code. Over the communication channel, the signals are mixed and sent combinedly. Here
the energy for transmission will remain the same
• however, bandwidth requirement will be more. At the receiving end, de-spreading of signals is done
using the replica of the orthogonal code.
 Diagram explanation

The figure below shows the block diagram representation of DS-CDMA for transmission and reception
of the signal
 Frequency Hopping

• The frequency hopping type of CDMA technique is based on accessing different frequency slots of a
complete channel bandwidth at different instants of time by multiple users. It is not FDMA or TDMA
because in that case a fixed frequency or time slot respectively is provided to different users. However,
here each specific user can access to same frequency slot in different time instants.

These two are different in a way that direct sequence spread spectrum makes use of high-speed spreading
code to have wider bandwidth while in frequency hopping technique carrier frequency is shifted to obtain the
same.
 Here's how CDMA works:

• A base station receives a signal from a user's device, such as a cell phone.
•The base station assigns a unique code to the user's signal. This code is used to spread the signal
over a wide frequency band. 
•The base station transmits the coded signal to the network, which then sends it to the intended
recipient.
•The recipient's device receives the coded signal and uses the same unique code to decode it,
allowing the user to access the data.
•The base station can support multiple users simultaneously by assigning each user a different code.
This allows multiple users to share the same frequency band without interference .
 Applications of CDMA  
Cellular communication: CDMA is used in many 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G cellular networks around the world
for voice and data communication. CDMA is known for its ability to support a large number of users on a
single frequency band, which makes it particularly useful in areas with high density of cell phone users.
•Satellite communication: CDMA is also used in satellite communication systems to provide high-speed
data and voice services to remote areas.
•Wireless local area networks (WLANs): CDMA technology is used in some WLANs (wireless local area
networks) to provide wireless Internet access to users in a specific location, such as an office or public
hotspot.

• Radio frequency identification (RFID): CDMA technology is used in some RFID (radio frequency
identification) systems to identify and track objects using radio waves
 CATEGORIES OF CDMA

Categories are:
1.Synchronous CDMA (orthogonal codes)
2.Asynchronous CDMA (pseudorandom codes)

1.Synchronous CDMA (orthogonal codes)

Synchronous CDMA exploits mathematics properties of orthorgonality between vectors representing
the data strings .For example the binary string 1011 is reprented by the vector(1,0,1,1)
2. Asynchronous CDMA
Asynchronous CDMA has some level of privacy built in because the signal is spread using a pseudo-
random code; this code makes the spread-spectrum signals appear random or have noise-like
properties
 ADVANTAGES OF CDMA

 Call quality is better with more consistent sound as compared to GSM

 Less interference due to hand off features reduces call dropping
 Gives better coverage and needs few antenna sites and also consumes less power
 Increase user capacity because of more users per MHz of bandwidth than any other system so
that it has 4 to 5 times capacity than GSM
 The frequency reuse plan is easier to manage
 Greatest spectrum efficiency
 Low power requirement
 Increase efficiency as it can serve more users
 High voice quality as well as signal quality
 Flexible allocation of resources
 DISADVANTAGES OF CDMA

 It can't offer international roaming, a large GSM advantage

 The CDMA system performance degrades with an increase in the number of users
 A network of CDMA is not mature because it is relatively new with GSM
 In while we are using CDMA, code length can be carefully selected, because it can induce delay
 When the number of users increases, the overall quality of service decreases.
 Self-jamming problem
 The near-far problem arises when we are using CDMA techniques
 Higher cost due to the greater equipment