Code division multiple access

CDMA

NIKESH MURJANI
&
RUPESH KUMAR
1ST YEAR.B.TECH.
INDIAN SCHOOL OF MINES,DHANBAD
Any sufficiently advanced technology is
indistinguishable from magic.
-Source Unknown
WHAT IS CDMA?
Code division multiple access (CDMA) describes a
communication channel access principle that employs
spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme
(where each transmitter is assigned a code). In communications
technology, there are only three domains that can allow
multiplexing to be implemented for more efficient use of the
available channel bandwidth and these domains are known as
time, frequency and space. CDMA divides the access in signal
space. By contrast, time division multiple access (TDMA) divides
access by time, while frequency-division multiple access
(FDMA) divides it by frequency. CDMA is a form of "spread-
spectrum" signaling, since the modulated coded signal has a
much higher bandwidth than the data being communicated.
WHAT IS SPREAD SPECTRUM?
CDMA is a form of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
communications. In general, Spread Spectrum
communications is distinguished by three key elements:
1. The signal occupies a bandwidth much greater than that
which is necessary to send the information. This results in
many benefits, such as immunity to interference and
jamming and multi-user access, which we’ll discuss later on.
2. The bandwidth is spread by means of a code which is
independent of the data. The independence of the code
distinguishes this from standard modulation schemes in
which the data modulation will always spread the spectrum
somewhat.
3. The receiver synchronizes to the code to recover the data.
The use of an independent code and synchronous reception
allows multiple users to access the same frequency band at
the same time.
RELAIBILITY OF CDMA
 GSM VS. CDMA
The GSM Association is an international organization
founded in 1987, dedicated to providing, developing, and
overseeing the worldwide wireless standard of GSM. CDMA,
a proprietary standard designed by Qualcomm in the United
States, has been the dominant network standard for North
America and parts of Asia. However, GSM networks
continue to make inroads in the United States, as CDMA
networks make progress in other parts of the world. There
are camps on both sides that firmly believe either GSM or
CDMA architecture is superior to the other. That said, to the
non-invested consumer who simply wants bottom line
information to make a choice, the following considerations
may be helpful
CDMA MODEM
WHAT A BASIC UNIT SHOULD
CHECK BEFORE SELECTING A
SERVICE
Coverage: The most important factor is getting service in the
areas you will be using your phone. Upon viewing competitors'
coverage maps you may discover that only GSM or CDMA carriers
offer cellular service in your area. If so, there is no decision to be
made, but most people will find that they do have a choice.

Data Transfer Speed: With the advent of cellular

phones doing double and triple duty as streaming video devices,
podcast receivers and email devices, speed is important to those
who use the phone for more than making calls. CDMA has been
traditionally faster than GSM, though both technologies continue to
rapidly leapfrog along this path. Both boast "3G" standards, or 3rd
generation technologies.
CDMA AT DIFFERENT PLACES
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) cards: In the United
States only GSM phones use SIM cards. The removable
SIM card allows phones to be instantly activated,
interchanged, swapped out and upgraded, all without carrier
intervention. The SIM itself is tied to the network, rather than
the actual phone. Phones that are card-enabled can be used
with any GSM carrier.
The CDMA equivalent, a R-UIM card, is only available in
parts of Asia but remains on the horizon for the U.S. market.
CDMA carriers in the U.S. require proprietary handsets that
are linked to one carrier only and are not card-enabled. To
upgrade a CDMA phone, the carrier must deactivate the old
phone then activate the new one. The old phone becomes
useless
Roaming: For the most part, both
networks have fairly concentrated coverage in
major cities and along major highways. GSM
carriers, however, have roaming contracts with
other GSM carriers, allowing wider coverage of
more rural areas, generally speaking, often without
roaming charges to the customer. CDMA networks
may not cover rural areas as well as GSM carriers,
and though they may contract with GSM cells for
roaming in more rural areas, the charge to the
customer will generally be significantly higher.
International Roaming: If you need to
make calls to other countries, a GSM carrier can
offer international roaming, as GSM networks
dominate the world market. If you travel to other
countries you can even use your GSM cell phone
abroad, providing it is a quad-band phone
(850/900/1800/1900 MHz). By purchasing a SIM
card with minutes and a local number in the
country you are visiting, you can make calls
against the card to save yourself international
roaming charges from your carrier back home.
CDMA phones that are not card-enabled do not
have this capability, however there are several
countries that use CDMA networks. Check with
your CDMA provider for your specific requirements
The CDMA community is aggressively targeting technology based on
mobile diversity antennas, a handset-based smart antenna methodology
that requires no network modifications but will increase capacity by a factor
of two. The idea behind this approach is to combine signals from two
separate antennas to reduce the impact of spatial variations in signal
strength and thus increase the average data rate available. Mobile diversity
antennas can also be used when one needs to put antennas for two unlike
services - for instance CDMA for voice and data and GPS for tracking - into
a single device.

Mobile diversity solutions can be used alone or in combination with smart

antennas in the network infrastructure to provide even more impressive
capacity gains and improved customer satisfaction through better overall
voice and data call performance. Network smart antennas, which do not
require any changes to end-user mobile devices, can be embedded in base
stations or added to existing networks as appliqué solutions. Such antennas
can be deployed on a per-cell-site or per-sector basis in order to alleviate
specific or localized capacity issues. Both large and small vendors offer
smart antennas for the CDMA marketplace.
Presentations
MOBILE LOVE IN INDIA
File this under asinine and absurd along with the
cellphone throwing contest: Deepak Sharma went
on record with the Guinness Book for having sent
the most SMS messages in a single month:
182,689. We're not sure if that's total, or unique
messages, but if you'd like us to break that down
for you, that's about 6,100 messages a day, 253
an hour, 4.2 a minute, or a new one every 14
seconds or so. So basically this guy gave up a
month of his life sending texts—way to go, dude.
His other reward? A 1,411 page bill (don't worry,
he has an unlimited texting plan)—compare that
to, say, Joyce's Ulysses (speaking of Guinness
books… aw come on!), which is a mere 780 some-
odd pages, though every bit as difficult to read
through.
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