Matrix Algebra Basics

Pam Perlich
Urban Planning 5/6020
Algebra
Matrix
A matrix is any doubly subscripted array of
elements arranged in rows and columns.

a11 ,, a1n 

a 21 ,, a 2n 
A     A ij

am1 ,, amn 
 
 Row Vector

[1 x n] matrix

A  a1 a 2 ,, an    aj
 
Column Vector
[m x 1] matrix

a1 
a 2 
A      ai
 
 
am 
Square Matrix
Same number of rows and columns

5 4 7
B  3 6 1 
 
2 1 3 
 The
Identity
Identity Matrix
Square matrix with ones on the
diagonal and zeros elsewhere.

1 0 0 0 
0 1 0 0 
I   
0 0 1 0
 
0 0 0 1
Transpose Matrix
Rows become columns and columns
become rows

a11 a 21 ,, am1 

a12 a 22 ,, am 2 
A'  
     
 
a1n a 2n ,, amn 
Matrix Addition and
Subtraction

A new matrix C may be defined as the

additive combination of matrices A and B
where: C = A + B
 is defined by:
 
Cij  Aij  Bij
Note: all three matrices are of the same dimension
Addition
a11 a12 
A  
If a 21 a 22 


b11 b12 
and B 

b 21 b 22


a11  b11 a12  b12 

then C 

a 21  b 21 a 22  b22 

Matrix Addition Example

3 4  1 2  4 6 

A  B        C

5 6 
 3 4  8 10 

Matrix Subtraction

C = A - B
Is defined by

Cij  Aij  Bij

Matrix Multiplication
Matrices A and B have these dimensions:

[r x c] and [s x d]
Matrix Multiplication
Matrices A and B can be multiplied if:

[r x c] and [s x d]

c=s
Matrix Multiplication

The resulting matrix will have the dimensions:

[r x c] and [s x d]

rxd
Computation: A x B = C
a11 a12 
A   [2 x 2]
a 21 a 22 

b11 b12 b13 
B   [2 x 3]
b 21 b 22 b 23

a11b11  a12b 21 a11b12  a12b 22 a11b13  a12b 23 
C 
a 21b11  a 22b 21 a 21b12  a 22b 22 a 21b13  a 22b 23
[2 x 3]
Computation: A x B = C

2 3
1 1 1 
A  1 1  and B 


1 0 2 

 
1 0 
[3 x 2] [2 x 3]
A and B can be multiplied

2 *1  3 *1  5 2 *1  3 * 0  2 2 *1  3 * 2  8 5 2 8
C  1*1  1*1  2 1*1  1* 0  1 1*1  1* 2  3   2 1 3 
1*1  0 *1  1 1*1  0 * 0  1 1*1  0 * 2  1  111 

[3 x 3]
Computation: A x B = C

2 3
1 1 1 
A  1 1  and B 


1 0 2 

 
1 0 
[3 x 2] [2 x 3]
Result is 3 x 3

2 *1  3 *1  5 2 *1  3 * 0  2 2 *1  3 * 2  8 5 2 8
C  1*1  1*1  2 1*1  1* 0  1 1*1  1* 2  3   2 1 3 
1*1  0 *1  1 1*1  0 * 0  1 1*1  0 * 2  1  111 

[3 x 3]
Inversion
Matrix Inversion

1 1
B B  BB  I

Like a reciprocal Like the number one

in scalar math in scalar math
Linear System of Simultaneous
Equations

First precinct: 6 arrests last week equally divided

between felonies and misdemeanors.

Second precinct: 9 arrests - there were twice as

many felonies as the first precinct.

1st Pr ecinct : x1  x 2  6
2nd Pr ecinct : 2x1  x 2  9
 1 1   11 
Solution Note: Inverse of 2 1
 
is 2  1
 
1 1   x1  6
2 1 *  x   9 
   2  
 11  11   x1   11  6 Premultiply both sides by
2  1 * 2 1 *  x   2  1 * 9  inverse matrix
     2    

1 0  x1  3 A square matrix multiplied by its

0 1 *  x   3 inverse results in the identity matrix.
   2  

 x1  3 A 2x2 identity matrix multiplied by

x  
the 2x1 matrix results in the original
3 2x1 matrix.
 2  
General Form
n equations in n variables:
n
 aij xj  bi or Ax  b
j1

unknown values of x can be found using the inverse of

matrix A such that
1 1
x  A Ax  A b
Garin-Lowry Model

Ax  y  x
The object is to find x given A and y . This is
done by solving for x :

y  Ix  Ax
y  (I  A)x
1
(I  A) y  x
Matrix Operations in Excel

Select the
cells in
which the
answer
will
appear
Matrix Multiplication in Excel

1) Enter
“=mmult(“
2) Select the
cells of the
first matrix
3) Enter comma
“,”
4) Select the
cells of the
second matrix
5) Enter “)”
Matrix Multiplication in Excel

Enter these
three
key
strokes
at the
same
time:
control
shift
enter
Matrix Inversion in Excel
 Follow the same procedure
 Select cells in which answer is to be
displayed
 Enter the formula: =minverse(
 Select the cells containing the matrix to be
inverted
 Close parenthesis – type “)”
 Press three keys: Control, shift, enter