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STRUCTURES
FATIGUE ASSESSMENT
FOR
STEEL STRUCTURE (IS: 800 – 2007)
4
INTRODUCTION
The term FATIGUE applies to changes in
properties which occur in a material due to the
repeated application of stresses or strains.
These fatigue problems are extremely critical in
terms of safety and cost.
It is not widely recognised in the engineering
community that fatigue cracking and failures are
far more common in steel structures.
In effect, anything subjected to repeated loading,
arising, for example, from waves, wind, live
loading, pressure or temperature fluctuations,
vibration, etc., is potentially at risk from fatigue 5
INTRODUCTION
Definition of Fatigue Fracture
Process of progressive localised permanent
structural change occurring in a material
subjected to conditions, which produce
fluctuating stresses and strains at some
point or points and which may culminate in
cracks or complete fracture after a
sufficient number of fluctuations - ASTM E206-62T
INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION
Aim of Design against Fatigue –
To ensure, with an acceptable level of
probability, that its performance is
satisfactory during its entire design life, such
that the structure is unlikely to fail or require
repair of the damage caused by fatigue
Weak Link causing Fatigue Failure ---
Bolted and welded connections
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INTRODUCTION
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FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF
STRUCTURAL DETAILS
• Structural Member
– Tension, welding, cover plate, splices, stiffeners
• Riveted Connections
– Stress concentration, steel strength, details, rivet
tension
• Bolted Connections
– Bearing/ friction, prying effect, eccentricity
• Welded Connections
– In the weld metal
– In the line of fusion
– In the heat affected zone
– At the toe edge of the weld.
INTRODUCTION
• IS: 800 – 2007 on Fatigue---
Over the years Fatigue Design for all welded
construction has been done based on
stipulations laid down in IS: 1024 – 1979.
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INTRODUCTION
17
Fatigue Assessment by IS: 1024 – 1979
IS: 1024 – 1979 (Code for fatigue assessment of
welded structure subjected to dynamic or moving
loads)
Code is based on Allowable Stress Design Method.
The code has not been revised for the last 26 years.
As per general norm this code caters to various
constructional details namely from “Class A” to “Class
G”.
The basic concept of fatigue assessment is the “Stress
ratio” concept.
According to this code, working stresses needs to be
reduced, where necessary, to allow for the effects of
fatigue 18
Fatigue Assessment by IS: 1024 – 1979
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Fatigue Assessment by IS: 1024 – 1979
f bt
2
3 fq
2
or f bc
2
3 fq
2
For Shear, Bending and Bearing ---
f bt
2 2
f b f bt . f b 3 f q
2
or
f bc
2 2
f b f bc . f b 3 f q
2
Where,
fbt tensile bending stress
fbc compressive bending stress
fq bearing stress
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Stress Ratio and Stress Range
R = Smin / Smax
S
tr Se
e
Se = Alternating stress amplitude
ss
Smax Sr = Stress range
Sr Sm Sm =Mean stress
One load cycle
Smin
Smax =Maximum stress
Fig - 2
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Modern Approach to Fatigue Assessment
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Modern Approach to Fatigue Assessment
Stress Range is checked against a permissible
set of limits which depend on the nature of the
element, the nature of the joint at which fatigue
is being assessed and the nature of the fatigue
stress.
Broadly Speaking ----
o fmin ---- Corresponds to stress under static
loads.
o fmax ---- corresponds to the total stress on the
structure including dynamic or rolling
loads 25
Modern Approach to Fatigue Assessment
FACTORS INFLUENCING FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR
(a) Stress range
(b) Stress concentration
(c) Rate of cyclic loading
(d) Residual stresses
(e) Size
(f) Geometry
(g) Environment
(h) Temperature
(i) Previous stress history
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Modern Approach to Fatigue Assessment
FACTORS INFLUENCING FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR
Stress Concentration
>
Stress concentration
m n m n
Hole Notch
Crack length 3
2
1
Number of cycles
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Modern Approach to Fatigue Assessment
FACTORS INFLUENCING FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR
Residual Stress (Compressive)
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Modern Approach to Fatigue Assessment
FACTORS INFLUENCING FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR
Size Effect
e P
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Modern Approach to Fatigue Assessment
Effect of Geometry
e P
e P
(a) (b)
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Modern Approach to Fatigue Assessment
FACTORS INFLUENCING FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR
The fatigue failure is due to progressive propagation of flaws in
steel under cyclic loading
Presence of a hole in a plate or simply the presence of a notch in
the plate causes Stress concentration
Stress concentrations are not serious for ductile steel
Steel members subjected to static loads
Stress gets distributed to adjacent elements
Repeated application of moving loads causes higher stress
reversal at the openings and notches causing early fatigue cracks
The fatigue failure occurs after four different stages, namely:
• Crack initiation at points of stress concentration
• Crack growth
• Crack propagation
• Final rupture
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Modern Approach to Fatigue Assessment
• Approach of International Codes – (British Code)
BS: 5400 Part-10 has dealt extensively with Fatigue.
It deals separately with each and every possible loading
case on a bridge girder for trains of moving loads.
Various connection detail categories designated by the
alphabet B, C, D, E, F, F2, S, W and G have been indicated.
the permissible stress range for a given value of N, (i.e.
probable number of occurrence of the fatigue stress during
the design life of the structure) is given in the form of
straight lines in a curve called the S-N Curve.
The actual stress range is compared with this permissible
stress range.
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Modern Approach to Fatigue Assessment
Basic Guidelines for fatigue detailing as per British
Code---
Best fatigue behavior of joints is achieved by ensuring that
the structure is so detailed that the elements may deform in
their intended ways without introducing secondary
deformations and stresses due to local restraints
Stresses may also be reduced, and hence fatigue life
increased by increased thickness of parent metal or weld
To avoid joint eccentricity
Avoid welds near free edges
Performance is adversely affected by concentrations of stress
at holes, openings and re-entrant corners
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Modern Approach to Fatigue Assessment
Y.(f ) = (f )n
• Y Load factor for fatigue load combination as specified in the
code
• (f) Force effect, live load stress range due to the passage of the
fatigue load
• (f)n Nominal fatigue resistance, which depends on the detail
category and the number of stress cycles within the design life
of the structure (Obtained from S-N Curve) 36
Fatigue Assessment by proposed IS:800 - 2007
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Fatigue Assessment by proposed IS:800 - 2007
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Fatigue Assessment by proposed IS:800 - 2007
when N SC 5 10 ; f f f fn 3 5 10 / N SC
6 6
when 5 10 6 N SC 10 8 ; f f f fn 5 5 10 6 / N SC
For Shear Stress Range
f fn 5 5 10 6 / N SC
r = correction factor
mf = partial safety factor against fatigue failure
given in Table 2 below
• ff , f = normal and shear fatigue strength ranges for
the actual life cycle, NSC, obtained from Eqns.
indicated earlier
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Fatigue Assessment by proposed IS:800 – 2007
Consequence of failure
Inspection and Access
Fail-safe Non-fail-safe
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MODIFICATION FACTORS
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Fatigue Assessment by proposed IS:800 – 2007
Fail-safe structural component/details ------ Where
local failure of one component does not result in the
failure of the structure due to availability of alternate
load path (redundant system).
Non-fail-safe structural component/detail ---- Where
local failure of one component leads rapidly to failure
of the structure due to its non-redundant nature.
Certain limitations that need to be adhered to while
making fatigue assessment, so that the structure
does not attain Ultimate Limit State
The (absolute) maximum value of the normal and shear
stresses shall never exceed the elastic limit (fy, y) for the
material under cyclic loading.
The maximum stress range shall not exceed 1.5 fy for normal
stresses and for the shear stresses under any circumstance
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Fatigue Assessment by proposed IS:800 – 2007
Stress Evaluation of structure -----
Design Stresses of a structure determined by Elastic
analysis to obtain stress resultant
Local Stresses obtained by conventional analysis
The normal and shear stresses are determined
considering all design actions on the members, but
excluding stress concentration due to the geometry of the
detail.
The stress concentration, however, not characteristic of
the detail are accounted for in the stress calculation
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Fatigue Assessment by proposed IS:800 – 2007
Low Fatigue -----
Assessment not required for a member, connection
or detail, when the normal and shear design stress
ranges, f, satisfy the equation given by,
f 27 / mft
Or if the actual number of stress cycles, NSC, satisfies
3
27 / mft
N SC 5 X 10
6
f is the actual fatigue stress range
fft fforthe detail
fft is the partial safety factors for load which is generally taken as unity
unless and otherwise there is any uncertainty in the estimation of the
applied load
mft is the partial safety factor for strength
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Conclusions
The “Stress Ratio” Concept as per IS: 1024 –
1979 is outdated
It does not give an idea directly about the
fatigue stress which is basically the stress in
the structure due to the moving imposed load
The “Stress Range” concept is more rational
as it deals only with the stress causing
fatigue and no other stresses
To give a direct comparison between the two
concept, an example can be referred to:
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Conclusions
Case – 1 ----
Let the stress due to all static load in one detail = X1
Let the stress in the detail due to moving loads = Y
Therefore fmin = X1 and fmax = X1 + Y
Therefore “Stress Ratio” for Fatigue Assessment,
S1 = fmin / fmax = X1 / (X1 + Y)
“Stress Range” for Fatigue Assessment,
S2 = fmax - fmin = (X1 + Y) - X1 = Y
Case – 2 ----
Let the stress due to all static load in a second detail = X2
Let the stress in the detail due to moving loads = Y
Therefore fmin = X2 and fmax = X2 + Y
Therefore “Stress Ratio” for Fatigue Assessment,
S1 = fmin / fmax = X2 / (X2 + Y)
“Stress Range” for Fatigue Assessment,
S2 = fmax - fmin = (X2 + Y) – X2 = Y 52
Conclusions
Now, if X1 < X2 ; S1 will be les than S2 and
if X1 > X2 ; S1 will be greater than S2
“Stress Ratio” Concept ------
1. For same fatigue stress Y, the two details will have
different “Stress Ratio” and hence different
permissible maximum stress for given value of N
(Number of Cycles)
2. In effect this concept gives importance to static
loads also (X1 and X2) as they contribute to Stress
ratio
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Conclusions
“Stress Range” Concept ------
1. Both the details have same fatigue stress and are checked
against the same fatigue strength obtained from the S-N curve
for the above given value of N (Number of Cycles)
2. Therefore in this concept only the fatigue stresses (i.e. the
stresses due to the moving loads are given the actual due
weightage, and static loads do not play any significant role
IS: 800 -2007
o Deals in Stress Range concept in tune with th present international
practice
o With the publication of this code , th design structure subjected to
fatigue loads against fatigue failure will undergo the changes a
described above
o IS: 1024 – 1979 will automatically will automatically get
superceded
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