Setting up body axes!

Anterior / Posterior

Fig. 2.8

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 • Maternal effect genes set up anterior-
posterior axis.
• Mutants lack
– Anterior
– Posterior
– Terminal Ends

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 Fig. 2.9

Principles of Development 4e Wolpert/Tickle Copyright © 2011 by Oxford University Press

 • Terminal Ends:

– Ligand Activated Receptor

• Receptor Protein sits in membrane all over embryo

• Receptor only activated in poles

Principles of Development 4e Wolpert/Tickle Copyright © 2011 by Oxford University Press

 Extremities:
Receptor
everywhere

Ligand only at
Fig. 2.14
the poles

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 • Dorsal – Ventral Axis

– Toll Receptor
• Activated by ligand Spatzle on ventral side

– Dorsal protein
• Only goes into the nucleus on ventral side

– Another layer of control:

• Protein present, but not active until signal!

Principles of Development 4e Wolpert/Tickle Copyright © 2011 by Oxford University Press

 Fig. 2.15

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 Box 2B

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 Sum. 2.1

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 Fig. 2.16

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 Fig. 2.17

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 Fig. 2.18

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 Figure 1. Temporally regulated expression of known eggshell protein transcripts.

Tootle TL, Williams D, Hubb A, Frederick R, Spradling A (2011) Drosophila Eggshell Production: Identification of New Genes and
Coordination by Pxt. PLoS ONE 6(5): e19943. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019943
http://127.0.0.1:8081/plosone/article?id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0019943
Setting up body axes!
Anterior / Posterior

Fig. 2.8

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All transcription factors
Pathway
Proteins degraded
within minutes of
Bicoid
translation
Hunchback
Fig. 2.23
High Low
Zygotic transcription
Kruppel
and translation

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 Fig. 2.24

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 Maternal Bicoid

Zygotic Hunchback

Even low bicoid

can turn on
hunchback
 Bicoid

hunchback

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 Pathway

Bicoid

Hunchback
Fig. 2.23
High Low

Kruppel

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 Fig. 2.25

What happens to Hunchback

concentrations?

What happens to Kruppel

concentration and
distribution?

Principles of Development 4e Wolpert/Tickle Copyright © 2011 by Oxford University Press

 Hunchback: red, Kruppel: green
Stage: Nuclear Cycle 14

Fig. 2.26

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 Fig. 2.24

Visualization done by genetic trick:

•construct DNA with

• hunchback promoter+regulatory region fused to LacZ

•insert DNA into genome using transposable elements

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 Box 2C

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 Box 2C

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 Box 2D1

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 Box 2D2

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 Sum. 2.3

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Setting up body axes!
Anterior / Posterior

Fig. 2.8

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 Fig. 2.30

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 Fig. 2.30

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 Fig. 2.30

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 Fig. 2.30

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 Fig. 2.30

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 Fig. 2.30

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 Fig. 2.30

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Fig. 2.30

Wolpert/Tickle Copyright © 2011 by Oxford University Press

 Pair-Rule Gene Expression Just Before Cellularization

Fig. 2.31

How many stripes total?

How many stripes of each pair-rule gene?
Principles of Development 4e Wolpert/Tickle Copyright © 2011 by Oxford University Press
 • Regulation of each stripe is independent of
one another!

Multiple control regions.

Different regions control

different stripes. even-skipped

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 maternal gap gap pair-rule gap

Fig. 2.32

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 Red: Hunchback, Green: even-skipped (eve)

Fig. 2.33

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 even-skipped Stripe 2 control region

Fig. 2.34

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 Sum. 2.4

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 • Segmentation genes:
– Not just transcription factors, now include
signaling molecules as well

– Every segment

– Some segmentation genes are turned on for

entire lifetime, not just embryogenesis!

– Segment sets up a “compartment”-

• Cells and their descendants remain in the
compartment
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 Engrailed expression

Fig. 2.35

Selector gene: causes cells to adopt particular fate,

sufficient to alter fate.
 Fig. 2.36

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 Fig. 2.37

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 Box 2E

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 Fig. 2.38

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 Fig. 2.39

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 Fig. 2.40

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 Fig. 2.41

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 Fig. 2.42

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 Box 2F1

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 Fig. 2.44

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 Fig. 2.45

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 Sum. 2.5

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 Fig. 2.46

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 Figure 6.36 Homeotic gene
expression in Drosophila (Part 2)
Homeotic transformation

Fig. 2.47

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Figure 6.37 A four-winged fruit fly constructed by putting
together three mutations in cis-regulators of the
Ultrabithorax gene
 Fig. 2.48

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p://bioinformatics.uni-konstanz.de/HueberHox/Research/Classification
Figure 6.38 (A) Head of a wild-type fruit fly. (B) Head of a fly containing the
Antennapedia mutation that converts antennae into legs.
Figure 6.38 (A) Head of a wild-type fruit fly
Figure 6.38 Head of a fly containing the Antennapedia
mutation that converts antennae into legs
 Sum. 2.6

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 Sum. 2.7

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 Wieschaus Nobel Prize Lecture on
Drosophila development:

http://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index
.php?id=1708

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