Professional Documents
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Cylinder Cone
Prisms Pyramids
Cube Tetrahedron
( A solid having ( A solid having
six square faces) Four triangular faces)
SOLIDS
Dimensional parameters of different solids.
Sections of solids( top & base not parallel) Frustum of cone & pyramids.
( top & base parallel to each other)
STANDING ON H.P RESTING ON H.P LYING ON H.P
On it’s base. On one point of base circle. On one generator.
(Axis perpendicular to Hp (Axis inclined to Hp (Axis inclined to Hp
And // to Vp.) And // to Vp) And // to Vp)
X Y
While observing Fv, x-y line represents Horizontal Plane. (Hp)
er er AXIS
AXIS AXIS TO VP AXIS
AXIS AXIS TO VP
INCLINED VP INCLINED INCLINED
INCLINED VP VP VP
o’
a’b’
a’1 b’1
Y
X a’b’ c’d’ d’1 c’1 o’1
d
c’d’
a d d1 a1 o’ o1 1
a1
a1
o1 d1 c1
o
b c c1 b 1(APEX b
1
b1 NEARER (APEX o1
For dark and dotted lines c1 TO V.P). AWAY
FROM V.P.)
1.Draw proper outline of new view DARK. 2. Decide direction of an observer.
3. Select nearest point to observer and draw all lines starting from it-dark.
4. Select farthest point to observer and draw all lines (remaining)from it- dotted.
A hexagonal Prism 25mm base side 60 mm axis is resting on its base corner on HP with its axis
inclined at 300 to HP and the TV of the axis is inclined at 400 to VP. Draw the projections
a’ a’
b’(
f ’) f’ b’
a’ b’(f’) o’ c’(e’) d’ o’
c’(
e’) (e’) c’
d’
d’
1’
1’
2’
2’(
6 ’) 6’
o1
’
3’(
5 ’) 5’ 3’
4’
30 0
X 1’ 2’(6’) o1’ 3’(5’) 4’ 4’ e 400 Y
f(6) e(5) 6 5 f e d
f
5 o
a(1) d
d(4) 1 o1 a o 6 4 c
o(o1) 4
a
b
o1
2 3 b c
b(2) c(3)
3
1
2
Solution Steps:
Problem 2: Resting on Hp on one generator, means lying on Hp:
A cone 40 mm diameter and 50 mm axis 1.Assume it standing on Hp.
is resting on one generator on Hp 2.It’s Tv will show True Shape of base( circle )
3.Draw 40mm dia. Circle as Tv &
which makes 300 inclination with Vp
taking 50 mm axis project Fv. ( a triangle)
Draw it’s projections. 4.Name all points as shown in illustration.
5.Draw 2nd Fv in lying position I.e.o’e’ on xy. And
For dark and dotted lines
1.Draw proper outline of new vie project it’s Tv below xy.
DARK. 6.Make visible lines dark and hidden dotted,
2. Decide direction of an observer. as per the procedure.
3. Select nearest point to observer 7.Then construct remaining inclination with Vp
and draw all lines starting from ( generator o1e1 300 to xy as shown) & project final Fv.
it-dark.
4. Select farthest point to observer o’
a’1
a’
and draw all lines (remaining)
from it- dotted. h’1 b’1
h’b
’ c’
g’1
g’
d’ f ’
f’1 c’1
X a’ h’b’ c’ g f’ d’ e’ o’
e’1 d’ Y o1
e’
1 30
’
g g1
g1 o1
h f f1 h1 h1
f1 a1
a e e1 a1 o1
e1 b1
b d d1 b1
d1
c c1 c1
Solution Steps:
Problem 3: Resting on Vp on one point of base, means inclined to Vp:
A cylinder 40 mm diameter and 50 mm 1.Assume it standing on Vp
axis is resting on one point of a base 2.It’s Fv will show True Shape of base & top( circle )
3.Draw 40mm dia. Circle as Fv & taking 50 mm axis project Tv.
circle on Vp while it’s axis makes 450 ( a Rectangle)
with Vp and Fv of the axis 350 with Hp.4.Name all points as shown in illustration.
5.Draw 2nd Tv making axis 450 to xy And project it’s Fv above xy.
Draw projections.. 6.Make visible lines dark and hidden dotted, as per the procedure.
7.Then construct remaining inclination with Hp
( Fv of axis I.e. center line of view to xy as shown) & project final Tv.
4’
4’d’ d’ 4’
d’ 3’
3’ 1’
c’ a’ c’ 3’ c’
1’ a’ 1’
a’ 2’
2’ b’
X b’ 2’ 350 b’ Y
a bd c 450
c
c1
d1
b1
bd
a1
3
a
4
2
24
1 24 3
1
1
Solution Steps:
Problem 5: A cube of 50 mm long 1.Assuming standing on Hp, begin with Tv,a square with all sides
edges is so placed on Hp on one equally inclined to xy.Project Fv and name all points of FV & TV.
corner that a body diagonal is 2.Draw a body-diagonal joining c’ with 3’( This can become // to xy)
parallel to Hp and perpendicular to 3.From 1’ drop a perpendicular on this and name it p’
Vp Draw it’s projections. 4.Draw 2nd Fv in which 1’-p’ line is vertical means c’-3’ diagonal
must be horizontal. .Now as usual project Tv..
6.In final Tv draw same diagonal is perpendicular to Vp as said in problem.
Then as usual project final FV.
a’ a’1
b’d d’1
’ b’1
a’ b’d’ c’ c’ (c1’)
1’ p’
p’ 1’
4’ 4’
2’ 2’
1’ 2’ 4’ 3’ 3’
X 3’
Y
c1
d 4 d1
(3)
d1
b1
1 (3) c1
a c a1
4 2
a1
2
b b1
1
FREELY SUSPENDED SOLIDS:
Positions of CG, on axis, from base, for different solids are shown below.
CG
H
H/2 CG
H/4
o’ o’1
o’
a’1
h’1
a’
b’1
h ’b
g’1 c’1
’c
’g’
f’1 d’1
d ’f
X a’ h’b’ c’ g’ f’ d’ e’
450
’
e’ e’1
y
Axis True Length
g g1 o1 400
h f h1 f1
Axis Tv Length d1 c1
a e a1 1 e1
o1 e1
Locus of
f1 1 b1 Center 1
b1 d1
b d
c c1 g1 a1
h1
Axis Tv Length