E E M C Lectronic Quipment For Easuring and Ontrol

“Gh.
Asachi” Technical University from Iasi

Faculty of Electronic, Telecommunications and Information Technology
E lectronic
E quipment for
Measuring and
C ontrol
Course nr. 1
STRUCTURE AND GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR ELECTRONIC
EQUIPMENT FOR MESURING AND CONTROL
Introduction
“Gh. Asachi” Technical University from Iasi
DEFINITION
An electronic measuring and control unit is a device used for
measurement, indication, recording of non-electrical quantities,
observing deployment processes, controlling properties of
materials or products that have constructive elements,
essential to the operation of electronic devices.
Despite the diversity of EEMCs used today, it can still shape a
general block structure, common to most types (fig. 1.1), which
highlight the key issues of measurement and control process.
COURSE nr. 1 Generalities

”Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University from Iaşi
GENERATOR
ACTIVATION
SIGNAL
Prelucrate
Activation Primary Electrical electrical signal Valorificate
signal
information signal information
Measuring TRANSDUCER PRELUCRATE

VALORIFICATE
object BLOCK
Fig. 1.1
Course nr. 1 Generalities

A first problem is the conversion of the measured size in a new easily

proccessable. From this point of view it is clear that is the best way to
obtain an electric signal.
The size measuring process determines the energy that manifests
itself by releasing or consuming a certain amount of energy, a special
form. We meet mechanical energy (force, power, displacement, flow,
velocity, acceleration, etc.), heat (temperature, heat flux, etc.), radiant
energy (intensity, spectral density of radiation, etc.). When analyzing
phenomena release or energy consumption, the electrical signal can
be achieved using a transducer.
If the size does not interfere unknown measuring energy processes
structural failure, sizes, generally properties of materials required
activation energy to be measured, in order to raise the transducer.
Sometimes, from the point of view of construction, the signal
generator activating the transducer is even.
COURSE nr. 1 Generalities

The transducers are diversity, being able to distinguish two

main classes:
- Analog transducers, that convert non-electrical values
measured in a continuous time-varying electrical signal
(materialized by continuous change in time of a specific size:
resistance, voltage, frequency, pulse duration, etc.);
- Digital transducers, which output electrical signals give the
staple a succession of pulses or a combination of pulses in a
code that is the numerical value of the measurement.

OBSERVATION
Standard transducers are generally in small numbers and precise
destinations (certain groups of sizes), can not cover all the
measurable quantities. Most times we find ourselves in a position to
start designing the device with designing a suitable transducer. Given
the extremely wide range of electronic devices available, finding the
solution for many situations transducer is the key to resolving the
problem.

A second problem is the process of measuring and control processing

electrical signal output from the transducer. This implies increasing
its energy without altering the size measuring information. We meet
situations where the transducer signal is strong enough to allow the
pointing device activation or registration.
Another processing problem of the electrical quantities of the
transducer, it relates to transformation of the variation in another
electrical quantity which can be used more conveniently. For example,
in measuring the temperature by means of temperature sensors, the
size of the transducer is given by the electric resistance (dependent
on temperature), connected in a bridge, resulting in a voltage
(unbalance of the bridge). The sequence of processing is as follows:
θ  TRANSDUCER  R(θ)  Bridge  U(θ)

Change in resistance temperature dependence of the transducer was

converted into a voltage variation in treatment block (bridge).
The electronic measuring and control devices actual processing is
done automatically, without the operator intervention.
OBSERVATION
Depending on how the meeting is processing Information processing
analogue or digital blocks. Due to the major advantages they present,
numerical processing blocks gets spread widening. Because of the
great diversity of electronic devices and circuits available today,
design and construction of processing blocks are much facility,
gaining in particular a technical-economic aspect of performance in
order to obtain the highest possible price at the lowest possible cost.

A third problem in the measurement and control is the use,

exploitation of the information contained in the signal form: visible
indication, recording, storing, signaling, for use in automatic control
loops.
To this end use:
- Indicator (analogue or digital);
- Recording devices (analogue or digital);
- Storage devices.
OBSERVATION
A special category of problems arises when telemăsurării (remote
measurement). In this case, the chain of movement of information
from the subject index measuring the output will include specific
elements for remote transmission of information: modulators and
demodulators for remote measuring signal, transmission channels or
wireless, etc.

Due to the diversity of domains and the large number of sizes to be

measured or controlled to achieve and economic exploitation EEMCs is
useful and necessary to consider the following rules of development:
1. Making metering systems unified and typified elements.
A unified device allows a certain type of input signal, with wide

variation standardized output resulting from the same type or another
type of signal, also with wide variation standardized. These signals are
called unified. By unifying resulting advantages in the design, serial
production and maintenance EEMCs (unification and building blocks
typing). Maintenance costs decrease with unified systems.
Troubleshooting is easier unified blocs, making the system a
centralized service or own workshops.
Course nr. 1 Roules for designing

2. Making of numerical control instrumentation, which over

analog has the following advantages:
- Industrial conditions provides a much greater
precision in obtaining and processing information about the
object;
- Enables rapid processing of information from a large

number of measuring points of a system.
- Maintain a high accuracy at all stages of transmission

distance, indication and recording of information and a greater
immunity to noise scramblers;

3. Achieving centralized control facilities for measurement and

control of complex technological phenomena.
In such facilities measurement and control information coming

from many points of measurement.
It first makes an operation to "data reduction" by selecting and
marking important information, then the information is
processed to control the phenomena, multiple choice decision,
the final decision being human factor (operator).

4. Making EEMCs reliable in operation, robust and miniaturized.

LSI, VLSI technologies allowed the development of
microcomputers process ensures complex information
processing with high speed computing (real-time control).
Developments of modern theoretical accentuates these trends

by the appearance transducers smart (with analog processing,
A / D conversion, local processing), interconnecting system
elements in complex networks, organized on different
principles (neural networks). These trends are based on
increasing the working speed circuits, high capacity memory
and improving processing algorithms.
Course nr. 1 Rules for designing

E lectronic
E quipment for
M easuring and
C ontrol
Course nr. 1
STRUCTURE AND GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR ELECTRONIC
EQUIPMENT FOR MEASURING AND CONTROL
General characteristics for elements in

electronic measurement and control devices
Measurement is a process of knowledge which consists in

comparing the measured with a different size of the same
nature as the first, regarded as unity. The measurement result
is the numerical value of the measured quantity Ax is equal to
the ratio of the measured quantity and unit of measure Xu and
X:
X
Ax = , X = Ax  X u (1.1)
Xu
Equation (1.1) is called the fundamental equation of
measurement.
Course nr. 1 Measuring instruments and methods

Not every physical quantity can be measured, since it allows

any size comparing its values.
One size can gain measurable and 0. For some sizes 0 value is
chosen arbitrarily. For example, to measure temperature (in ◦C)
0◦ value is chosen by convention and measure the temperature
difference in reality.

The main element is the unit measurement.

The units of measurement systems are organized in units.
Romania is in force in the International System of Units (SI).
Technical means which serve to materialize units of
measurement with an accuracy determined are called
measures.
Measures to materialize the unit of measurement accuracy are
the highest possible standard measures or standards. It
performs basic standards for both sizes and for derivatives.
Science dealing with the study units and standards and
measurements for research related to the use of these
standards, called metrology.

Benchmarks are ranked nationally. Thus in Romania are used:
- National standards, held at the Institute of Metrology,

serving reproduction of units on the national territory;
- Main standards, that send the units to inferior

standards;
- Verification standards, the units that transmit the
meters work.

Technical instruments that measurement is performed include,

besides measures, measuring instruments, serving the direct
or indirect comparison of the measurement of the measuring
unit.
Measurement methods most common are the following:

1. Direct comparison means to compare the measured with the

same yardstick physical. In such cases shall be determined
either report or size differential between unknown and
standard. A typical example is the Wheatstone bridge that
determines the value of resistance depending on the value of
another resistance, accurately, and a report.
A particular case of comparison method is adjusting to
equality. A standard size variable is adjusted manually or
automatically until it becomes equal to the unknown.
It is applicable for example to determine the mass balance or using a
potentiometer measuring blood compensator. The most accurate
method of finding equal standard size is unknown variables with the
substitution of the two sizes in the installation of measurement,
control and indications of its remaining unchanged during the
substitution.

2. Operating directly from a physical system (direct reading).

Size Measuring act (possibly through several intermediate
transformations) on a proper indication system, which is read
on the scale size value.
For example, electric current can be measured by torque it
produces on mobile frame of an ammeter, and its value is read
via the angular deviation of the index scale.

3. Measuring indirect result of measurement is obtained

through direct measurements of several sizes of scale,
measuring and performing a calculation.
The principle can be exemplified by measuring the electrical

conductivity σ of a material. To do this, carry out three direct
measurements on a sample of that material resistance R,
length l and Section A of the material. Electrical conductivity σ
value resulting from performing a calculation according to:
l
=
R A
Calculation in these situations can be performed manually or

automatically, using computing devices or an electronic
computer.
For indirect measurements, the determination of unknown
value is conducted after the functional diagram of fig. 1.2.
Enter Transducer Adaptor

signal 1 1 1
Calculation
Element exploitation
Enter Transducer Adaptor
2
of results
signal 2 2
Fig. 1.2

Indirect measurement is less accurate than direct

measurement and is used where direct measurement is not
possible because:
- Measuring the size is defined only by the mathematical

relationship without measures or standards exist for her. If the
electrical conductivity σ above fall into this situation;
- There is adequate size measuring transducers;
- Measurement object can be placed in physical contact with

the measuring instrument.

Whatever the means and methods of measurement used, the

numerical value obtained as a result of measurement will differ
from the actual value of the measured quantity, due to
inefficiencies in equipment used, inadequate knowledge of all
requirements of the instability of these conditions, the
imperfections senses of the experimenter etc..
Numerical value measured deviation from the true value size is
measurement error. There is no measurement errors, no matter
how neat it would be done, no matter how accurate would be
as much equipment and would be repeated.
The errors must be reduced below the tolerated application
considered, therefore, be known functional characteristics of
constructive elements and causes of errors introduced by each
element and each processing operation separately.

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“Gh.

Asachi” Technical University from Iasi

COURSE nr. 1 Generalities

Measuring TRANSDUCER PRELUCRATE

Course nr. 1 Generalities

A first problem is the conversion of the measured size in a new easily

COURSE nr. 1 Generalities

The transducers are diversity, being able to distinguish two

Course nr. 1 Generalities

Course nr. 1 Generalities

A second problem is the process of measuring and control processing

θ  TRANSDUCER  R(θ)  Bridge  U(θ)

Course nr. 1 Generalities

Change in resistance temperature dependence of the transducer was

Course nr. 1 Generalities

A third problem in the measurement and control is the use,

Course nr. 1 Generalities

Due to the diversity of domains and the large number of sizes to be

1. Making metering systems unified and typified elements.

A unified device allows a certain type of input signal, with wide

Course nr. 1 Roules for designing

2. Making of numerical control instrumentation, which over

- Enables rapid processing of information from a large

- Maintain a high accuracy at all stages of transmission

Course nr. 1 Roules for designing

3. Achieving centralized control facilities for measurement and

In such facilities measurement and control information coming

Course nr. 1 Roules for designing

4. Making EEMCs reliable in operation, robust and miniaturized.

Developments of modern theoretical accentuates these trends

Course nr. 1 Rules for designing

General characteristics for elements in

Measurement is a process of knowledge which consists in

Course nr. 1 Measuring instruments and methods

Not every physical quantity can be measured, since it allows

Course nr. 1 Measuring instruments and methods

The main element is the unit measurement.

Course nr. 1 Measuring instruments and methods

Benchmarks are ranked nationally. Thus in Romania are used:

- National standards, held at the Institute of Metrology,

- Main standards, that send the units to inferior

Course nr. 1 Measuring instruments and methods

Technical instruments that measurement is performed include,

Course nr. 1 Measuring instruments and methods

1. Direct comparison means to compare the measured with the

Course nr. 1 Measuring instruments and methods

2. Operating directly from a physical system (direct reading).

Course nr. 1 Measuring instruments and methods

3. Measuring indirect result of measurement is obtained

The principle can be exemplified by measuring the electrical

Calculation in these situations can be performed manually or

Enter Transducer Adaptor

Course nr. 1 Measuring instruments and methods

Indirect measurement is less accurate than direct

- Measuring the size is defined only by the mathematical

- Measurement object can be placed in physical contact with

Course nr. 1 Measuring instruments and methods

Whatever the means and methods of measurement used, the

Course nr. 1 Measuring instruments and methods

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