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Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures: CE 498 - Design Project November 16, 21, 2006
Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures: CE 498 - Design Project November 16, 21, 2006
STRUCTURES
LOADING CONDITIONS
DESIGN METHOD
WALL THICKNESS
REINFORCEMENT
CRACK CONTROL
INTRODUCTION
Conventionally reinforced circular concrete tanks have
been used extensively. They will be the focus of our
lecture today
Structural design must focus on both the strength and
serviceability. The tank must withstand applied loads
without cracks that would permit leakage.
This is achieved by:
Providing proper reinforcement and distribution
Proper spacing and detailing of construction joints
Use of quality concrete placed using proper construction
procedures
A thorough review of the latest report by ACI 350 is
important for understanding the design of tanks.
LOADING CONDITIONS
The tank must be designed to withstand the loads that it
will be subjected to during many years of use. Additionally,
the loads during construction must also be considered.
Loading conditions for partially buried tank.
The tank must be designed and detailed to withstand the
forces from each of these loading conditions
LOADING CONDITIONS
The tank may also be subjected to uplift forces from
hydrostatic pressure at the bottom when empty.
It is important to consider all possible loading conditions
on the structure.
Full effects of the soil loads and water pressure must be
designed for without using them to minimize the effects of
each other.
The effects of water table must be considered for the
design loading conditions.
DESIGN METHODS
Two approaches exist for the design of RC members
Strength design, and allowable stress design.
Strength design is the most commonly adopted procedure for
conventional buildings
The use of strength design was considered inappropriate
due to the lack of reliable assessment of crack widths at
service loads.
Advances in this area of knowledge in the last two decades
has led to the acceptance of strength design methods
The recommendations for strength design suggest inflated
load factors to control service load crack widths in the
range of 0.004 – 0.008 in.
Design Methods
Service state analyses of RC structures should include
computations of crack widths and their long term effects
on the structure durability and functional performance.
The current approach for RC design include computations
done by a modified form of elastic analysis for composite
reinforced steel/concrete systems.
The effects of creep, shrinkage, volume changes, and
temperature are well known at service level
The computed stresses serve as the indices of performance
of the structure.
DESIGN METHODS
The load combinations to determine the required strength
(U) are given in ACI 318. ACI 350 requires two
modifications
Modification 1 – the load factor for lateral liquid pressure is
taken as 1.7 rather than 1.4. This may be over conservative
due to the fact that tanks are filled to the top only during
leak testing or accidental overflow
Modification 2 – The members must be designed to meet the
required strength. The ACI required strength U must be
increased by multiplying with a sanitary coefficient
The increased design loads provide more conservative design
with less cracking.
Required strength = Sanitary coefficient X U
Where, sanitary coefficient = 1.3 for flexure, 1.65 for direct
tension, and 1.3 for shear beyond the capacity provided by the
concrete.
WALL THICKNESS
The walls of circular tanks are subjected to ring or hoop
tension due to the internal pressure and restraint to
concrete shrinkage.
Any significant cracking in the tank is unacceptable.
The tensile stress in the concrete (due to ring tension from
pressure and shrinkage) has to kept at a minimum to prevent
excessive cracking.
The concrete tension strength will be assumed 10% f’c in this
document.
RC walls 10 ft. or higher shall have a minimum thickness of
12 in.
The concrete wall thickness will be calculated as follows:
WALL THICKNESS
Effects of shrinkage
Figure 2(a) shows a block of concrete
with a re-bar. The block height is 1 ft, t
corresponds to the wall thickness, the
steel area is As, and the steel percentage
is
The shear in one wall becomes axial tension in the adjacent wall.
Follow force equilibrium - explain in class.
RECTANGULAR TANK BEHAVIOR
The twisting moment effects such as Mxy may be used to
add to the effects of orthogonal moments Mx and My for
the purpose of determining the steel reinforcement
The Principal of Minimum Resistance may be used for
determining the equivalent orthogonal moments for design
Where positive moments produce tension:
Mtx = Mx + |Mxy|
Mty = My + |Mxy|
However, if the calculated Mtx < 0,
then Mtx=0 and Mty=My + |Mxy2/Mx| > 0
If the calculated Mty < 0
Then Mty = 0 and Mtx = Mx + |Mxy2/My| > 0
Similar equations for where negative moments produce
tension