Artificial Intelligence

MCA V Sem/ MSC III Sem

Nisheeth Joshi
Associate Professor
Department of Computer
Science
Apaji Institute
Banasthali University
 Books
2

Text Book
T1: DW Patterson, Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
and Experts Systems, Pearson Education
Reference Book(s)
R1: Elian Rich, Kevin Knight and SB Niar, Artificial
Intelligence, 3 Ed., Tata McGraw Hill
R2: Stuart Russel and Peter Norvig, Artificial Intelligence:
A Modern Approach, 2 Ed., Pearson Education
R3: E Charniak and D McDemott, Introduction to Artificial
Intlligence, Pearson Education
 Course Discription
3

 This course provides a broad introduction and a

survey of core concepts of artificial intelligence
(AI).
 Topics include:
 History of AI,
 Search (search space, uninformed and informed search,
constraint satisfaction), 
 Expert Systems & Reasoning with Uncertainty,
 Machine learning (inductive learning, linear separators,
decision trees),
 and perception and cognition (natural language
processing, computer vision).
 Introduction
4

 What is Artificial Intelligence?

 Principles: elementary truths, laws, or assumptions
 Paradigms: a set of practices, often concerning an
intellectual discipline
 Pragmatics: practical consideration
 Intelligence through Computation
AI field seeks to achieve intelligent behaviour
through computation – Gist of the course
 What is Intelligence?
5

 Surprisingly a very difficult question?

 In fact, it has recently been cited as one of the five

deep questions in computing.

CACM, January 2008 Issue
 So, we shall stick to definitions provided by
dictionaries or people.
 “The ability to learn, understand and make
judgments or have opinion that are based on
reason.” – Cambridge Advanced Dictionary
 What is Artificial Intelligence
6

 The study of how to produce machines that have

some of the qualities that the human brain has, such
as the ability to understand language, recognize
pictures, solve problems and learn.
 Subject dealing with computational models that can

think and act rationally

 Study of how to make computers do things which,

at the moment, people do better.

 The field which attempts to get real machines to

behave like the ones in the movies.

 What is Artificial Intelligence
7

 Problems that are easy for

humans but hard for computers
 A set of techniques (Logic,

probability, utility, etc.)

 Is science and engineering.
 Machines that think like

humans
 Machines that act like humans
 Machines that act rationally
 Think Like Humans?
8

 The Cognitive Science approach:

 1960s “cognitive revolution”: information processing
model replaced prevailing orthodoxy of behaviourism.
 Scientific theories of internal activities of the
brain
 What level of abstraction? “Knowledge'' or “circuits”?
 Cognitive science: Predicting and testing behavior of
human subjects (top-down)
 Cognitive neuroscience: Direct identification from
neurological data (bottom-up)
 Both approaches now distinct from AI
 Problems:
 Very hard to evaluate model accuracy
 Doesn’t necessarily lead to high-performing systems
 Acting Like Humans?
9
 Acting Rationally?
10

 Rational action: doing the “right thing”

 The right thing: maximize goal achievement, given available
info.
 Entity dependent on goals!
 Irrational  insane, irrationality is a sub optimal action.
 Rational  successful
 Our Focus here: rational agents
 Systems which make the best possible decision given goals,
evidence and constraints.
 Parent Disciplines
Philosophy Mathematics Neuroscience Economics (1776
(428 BC – Date) (800 AD – Date) (1861 – Date) – Date)

Comp Sc Control Theory

Psychology
(1940 – Date) (1948 – Date)
(1879 – Date)

Linguistics
of AI
(1957 – Date)

Artificial Intelligence
Reasoning, Learning, Planning, Perception, Knowledge Acquisition,
Subjects Covered under AI
Intelligent Search, Uncertainty Management, etc.

Application Areas of
Game
Playing
Theorem
Proving
Language and
Image
Understanding
Robotics
and

AI
Navigation

11
 AI History
12

 1847 – George Boole develops a mathematical symbolic logic

for reasoning about set of objects.
 1937 – Alan Tuning and Alonzo Church independently

postulate a thesis, later called the Church Tuning Thesis, that

all problems that a human can solve can be reduced to a set of
algorithms.
 1949 – Hebb suggested a way in which a certain type of

artificial neuron might learn.

 1950 – Tuning proposed the Tuning Test, to test for the

realization of machine intelligence.

 AI History
13

 1945 – 1956 – Symbolic AI emerged as a scientific endeavor.

Norbert Wiener at MIT proposed the field of cybernetics.
 1956 – A two month conference was held at Darthmouth

College, organized by John McCarthy. Coined the term AI.

 1958 – McCarthy at MIT developed LISP for solving AI

Problems.
 1965 – 1975 – Edward Feigenbaum and Robert K. Lindsay at

Stanford built DENDRAL, first expert system.

 1966 – ELIZA tricks users into believing that tuning test has

been passed.
 AI History
14

 Researchers started making over optimistic claims for AI

 Expectations rose
 US Government put in Billions of Dollars in AI Research
 A lot of expectations were built up from AI programs.
 As they could not be met with, all the funding in AI projects

was taken back.


AI bubble busted
 Somewhere around late 1960s researchers started to analyze

their faults.
 AI History
15

 Mistake – they projected AI applications to do tasks

better then humans which at that time was not
computationally possibly.
 AI History
16

 1980 – A new beginning

 Researchers now became cautious.

 They now started making realistic commitments.

 Expert Systems Emerged as the new Buzzword

 A lot of successful systems were built

 Artificial Intelligence became an Industry

 Mid 1980s, Neural Network research was restarted

 1987 AI becomes a Science

 1995 Intelligent Agents Emerge
 Applications of AI
17

 Natural Language Processing

 Information Retrieval
 Theorem Proving
 Game Playing
 Robotics – Vision/Path Planning
 Manufacturing
 Speech Recognition
 Medical Diagnosis/Imaging
 Earth/Space Exploration
 Air Traffic Control
 Control in Nuclear Reactor
 What can AI do?
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 Play a decent game of table tennis (on computer)

 Drive safely along a curving motion road.

 Drive safely along telegraph avenue.

 Buy a week’s grocery from shopping center.

 Discover and prove new Mathematical theorems.

 Converse successfully with a human for an hour.

 Perform a complex surgical operation.

 Unload a dishwasher and put everything away in place.

 Translate English to Hindi in real time.

 Write an intentionally funny sroty.

 Buy a week’s grocery from online shopping site.