LIQUID CARGOES

WHAT IS LIQUID CARGO ?

 All the liquid carried on the vessel , including: cargoes, stores, ballast etc.

 The general terms ‘oil’ and ‘petroleum products’ covers a wide variety of cargoes. For ex- petrochemicals, liquid

fertilizer, refined products, black oil products, pressurized products.

HOW LIQUID CARGO IS TRANSPORTED ?

There are 3 ways to transport liquid cargoes are:-

1. ISO Tanks

 ISO tanks are ideal for large capacity of liquid cargo

 A 20’ ISO tank can carry 20,000 - 26,000 liters (5,300 - 6,900 gal.) of material and a 23’ container up to a huge
33,000 liters (8,700 gal.)
 ISO tank is built of strong steel or anti-corrosive materials for the long life and protection of your liquid cargo
during transport.
ISO Tank Liquid Cargo Transport advantage:

 Can ship both harmless and dangerous products

 Has a large capacity
 Suitable for ocean shipping, auto and railway transport
 Reusable
2. Drums/Barrels

 There are many different types of drums and barrels available, such as steel, plastic and fiber.
 They require a liner or coating for food hygiene safety, and a pallet and strapping for safety.
 Drums have volumes ranging from 20 to 250 litres (5.3 - 66 gal.), they are better suited if you ship a lower
capacity of liquid cargo.
Drums Liquid Cargo Transport advantage:

 Uniform size makes drums easily stackable on pallets

 Can be certified for transporting hazardous products
 Easily transported
3. Intermediate bulk containers

 Intermediate Bulk Containers - or "IBC's" - are reusable, industrial containers made for transporting bulk liquid
and granular substances such as chemicals, food ingredients, solvents and pharmaceuticals.
 An IBC holds around 200 to 1,250 litres, which is in between the capacity of drums and tanks - hence the term
“intermediate”.
 With both top and side discharge/loading points, they are generally quite easy to use, without the need to transfer
cargo to another storage tank.
IBC Liquid Cargo Transport Pros:

 Easily transported
 Can get FDA and Food Contact approved containers & liners
 Lower handling and storage space costs
DIFFERENT TYPES OF LIQUID CARGO

Non edible and dangerous liquids

 Hazardous chemicals
 Petroleum
 Gasoline
 Liquefied natural gas (LNG)
 Liquid Nitrogen
 Kerosene, diesel
 feedstock
Edible and Non dangerous liquids

 Cooking oil
 Fruit juices
 Vegetable oil
 Zinc ash
LIQUID BULK CARGOES

 A liquid bulk cargo is defined as an unpacked homogeneous liquid cargo.

 Example:- Crude oil , palm oil , liquefied natural gas
 Characteristics of liquid bulk cargoes include:-

1. Density
2. Temperature
3. Viscosity
CRUDE OILS

 The different crude oils vary widely in appearance, consistency and characteristics not just from country to
country but from oilfield to oilfield.
 They come in the range of pale brown liquids, which flow like water, to viscous semi-solids from crudes with very
few light fractions with a specific gravity of 0.99 to less than 0.80
 They can be divided into two main classes

1. The paraffin based crudes :- Which contain varying quantities of paraffin wax and little asphaltic material
2. The naphthenic based crudes :- Which contain little or no wax but have high proportion of asphaltic material
 All crude oils are volatile on temperature and therefore are a potential source of flammable vapours
BULK LIQUID TRADE - CRUDE OIL

 Crude oil is the largest commodity in terms of tonnage moved by seaborne trade

 In 2014, in excess of 1800 million tonnes were carried by tanker.

 The 3 main exporting regions are :- The Middle East, North and West Africa and South America.

 Crude oil tankers collect crude oil from the exporting region and transport it over many thousand of miles to

refineries located in Europe, The United State of America, China, Japan, and South-East Asia
CRUDE OIL WASHING OF TANKERS

 Earlier, oil tanks on crude oil tanker were cleaned by water, but this method of cleaning increased marine pollution

and required bigger slop tanks to store leftover residue and oily water mixture. In order to prevent this problem, a
better non pollutant way was introduced where in oil cargo of the tank itself was used to clean the cargo tanks.

 When oil cargo is sprayed with pressure on tank walls and surfaces, the sediments sticking to the tank dissolves

and converts into useful cargo which can be pumped out to the shore tanks. This system virtually eliminates the
requirement of slop tanks on ships and almost all cargo can be transferred to the shore. This process is known as
Crude oil Washing.
ISSUES IN HANDLING LIQUID CARGOES

 Some cargoes will require heating, others cooling, some are so volatile that they must be kept safe under a blanket

of inert nitrogen, others react violently with water and so must be handled in ultra-dry conditions.

 Some cargoes are highly corrosive and require tanks of the highest quality of stainless steel, while others must

have tank coatings of a precise specification.

 Some cargoes must be kept in motion, lest they settle out, and others can only be carried in tanks that have never

carried cargoes with which they are incompatible.

 Some cargoes can be tainted by the residue of a previous cargo even after a stainless steel tank has been

meticulously cleaned and purged.

CONT…

 Some cargoes react violently to others or to exposure to the atmosphere.

 Many are flammable, explosive or give off noxious vapours, so safety will always be an important consideration.

 Many of these chemical cargoes are immensely valuable, demand fantastic standards of cleanliness to maintain

their product purity and must be discharged to the last drop, with none remaining on board.
ULCC
Thank You