DATA ACQUISITION

BY
M.K.RAMESH
Dy.Manager, SRLDC, POWERGRID
 WHAT IS DAC?
 DAC – Data Acquisition System being
used by Power plants and Sub-stations to
transfer on line data analog & digital data
to respective Unit Control Room as well as
to respective Load despatch centre to
make the operation efficiently.
 MAJOR COMPONENTS DAC SYSTEM
 OUT DOOR YARD EQUIPMENTS –
CTs,PTs,CBs,ISOLATORS,OLTE
 IN DOOR EQUIPMENTS –
TRANSDUCERS,RELAYS etc.
 RTUs
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
 DAC SYSTEM HARDWARE &
SOFTWARE.
 POWER SUPPLY UNIT.
 CURRENT TRANSFORMERS(CT)
Current Transformers are used in Power stations to provide the current
replica for metering, controls and protective relaying.
A CT’s performance is characterised by ratio correction factors,
Saturation Voltage, Phase angle Error and rated burdens.
Each CT has got different cores or Single core to perform metering,
protection and relaying functions.
Metering core will have smaller core cross section to minimise exciting
current effects.Metering core allow to saturate at fault current.
Protection core exiciting current at low load is not considered important.
Relaying core are designed to faithfully reproduce the current at many
time, their thermal rating to allow accurate sensing of faults.
Main Functions of CT:
 To measure the current(metering)
 >For Protection.
 Potential Transformer(PT)
 Potential Sources or Equipments that are used for power
system measurement.
 (1) Potential Transformers(wound Transformers):-
 PT are like simple transformers which provide the best
performance with ratio & phase angle errors. It is
suitable for billing-metering. Relaying type PTs are used
for metering grade performance.if sec windings are
adequate size PTs can capable of supply large potential
load with out degradation.
 Capacitive Voltage Transformer(CVT):-
 It uses a capacitor stack divider to obtain a primary
voltage replica and this type of transformer is not much
accurate than PTs.
 CVTs can be affected by load and Amb.Temp.
 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A TYPICAL
DAC SYSTEM
OUT
DOOR
EQUIP

C TX C TX R T P
O RX C &R
O Rx R A
DAC M E T
MEDIA M E A N PANEL
H/W & M Q M Q N E
S/W N P U
N P S L
T T D
U
C
E
R

COMMN SUBSTATION / GENERATNG

CONTROL
MEDIA STATION
CENTRE
 DATA ACQUISION
 Power Plant Related Data & Substation Related Data are of Two
types.
 (A) ANALOG DATA – Signal varies proportinately to the measurands
 (B)DIGITAL DATA - signal is sent by series of pulses representing
binary numbers.
 (A)-Active Power
-Reactive Power
 -Voltage
 -Current
 -Frequency
 -Temp , Pressure,Vibration etc
 Sub-station Related Data.
 -Active & Reactive Power,Current & Voltage
 -Frequency.
 (B) – STATUS POINTS.
 Data Acquisition Parameters

 Circuit Breaker Status

 Isolator Status
 SOE data
 Voltage
 Frequency
 Current
 Active Power
 Reactive Power
 OLTC tap position
 Weather Station data
( for EMS functions )
 Temperature
 Atmospheric Pressure
 Wind direction
 Wind Speed
 Humidity
 Rainfall
 Principles for data acquisition
Busbar Section
 A) Voltage
- 400, 230-220 and 132-110 Kv; one value per bus bar
- 66-78 Kv; one value per station
- 33 Kv; no value
 B) Frequency
- 400 Kv; one value per busbar
- 230-220 Kv; one value per station except for stations where power units are
connected to or having inter state feeders
- 132-110, 78-66 KV; one value per station where power units are connected to
- 33 KV; no value
 C) SS
- 1 SS for loss of voltage per bus bar ( bus bar disconnectors are counted
separately )
 Principles for data acquisition – Contd…..

Busbar Couplers
- 2 DS per Circuit breaker
- 1 SS for only one out of the 2 disconnectors

Bus Transfers
- 1 DS per circuit breaker
- 1 SS for each disconnector on both sides of the CB

Busbar Disconnectors
- 1 SS for each busbar disconnector
 Capacitor
- 1 SS for each bus selector disconnector
- DS per circuit breaker
 Principles for data acquisition – Contd…..

Bus Reactor
- Reactive Power – 1 value
- 1 DS per circuit breaker
- 1 SS for each bus selector disconnector

Gas/Hydro/Thermal Generators
- Active Power – 1 value
- Reactive Power – 1 value
- DS per Circuit breaker
- 1 SS for each bus selector disconnector in case of single breaker
arrangement.
- 3 SS per bus bar connection for one and half breaker scheme
 Principles for data acquisition – Contd…..

Overhead line
- Active & Reactive Power – 1 value
- 400, 230-220 and 132-110KV; one value for each outgoing line
- 78-62 Kv; one value of P&Q only for outgoing inter systems tie-line
- 33kv; no value

Current
- 78-62 KV; one value for each outgoing line ( if it is not an outgoing inter system tie-line )
- 33 KV ; one value for each outgoing line

DS
- 1 DS per substation circuit breaker

SS
- 1 SS for each bus selector disconnector in case of single breaker arrangement
- 3 SS for 3 disconnectors for each out going line in case of one and half scheme
- 1 SS for each by pass disconnector in case of single breaker + by pass arrangements
- 1 DC for each 78-66 and 132-110 KV out going line ( for quick switching operation requirements under
load shedding and emergency actions )
 Principles for data acquisition – Contd…..

Transformers
Active & Reactive Power
- One value for P and one value for Q measured on the secondary level for the 400/220 KV or 220/132
KV transformers or on the primary level for the 132/66, 132/33 or 132/11 KV transformers.( if the
secondary level does not belong to the same constituent as the primary level, P & Q are
measured on the primary level.

Current
- One current value measured on the primary level for the 66/33 KV, 66/22 KV, 66/11 KV or 33/11 KV
transformers

OLTC
- 1 value per transformer for 400/220 Kv, 400/110 Kv, 230-220/110 Kv transformers ( if on load tap
changer is available )
DS
- 1 DS per CB. If the secondary level does not belong to the same network ( in case of central sector),
one DS shall also be collected for the secondary circuit breaker
SS
- 1 SS for each bus selector disconnector in case of single breaker arrangement
- 3 SS for 3 disconnectors for one and half breaker scheme
- 1 SS for each by pass disconnector in case of single breaker + by pass arrangements
TRANSDUCER
 Voltage Transducers
 Measures any phase to phase voltage providing an
output to the RTU analog input point.
 Rated Quantities
- Rated Voltage 110V phase to phase or 115v phase to
phase
- Measured range 0 to 120 % of the rated voltage
- Frequency 50 Hz, Range 45 to 55 Hz
- 0-20 ma dc output signal, +/- 0.5 % accuracy class, IEC
688
- 48 volts external DC Power supply
 Frequency Transducers
 Measures the line frequency providing an output to the
RTU analog input point.
 Rated input Quantities
- Rated Voltage 110V phase to phase or 115v phase to
phase
- Measuring range 45 – 55 Hz
- 4-20 ma dc output signal, +/- 0.5 % accuracy class, IEC
688
- External 48 volts DC power supply
 Current Transducers
 Measures the single phase current providing an output to
the RTU analog input point.
 Rated Quantities
- Rated Current 1A or 5A
- Measured range 0 to 120 % of the rated current
- Frequency 50 Hz, Range 45 to 55 Hz
- 0-20 ma dc output signal, +/- 0.5 % accuracy class, IEC
688
- External 48 volts DC power supply
 Active Power Transducers
 Measures 3 phase active power either balanced or
unbalanced
 2 wattmeter method measuring bi-directional power flow
 Rated Quantities
- Voltage 110V phase to phase or 115V phase to phase
- Current 1A or 5A
- Frequency 50 Hz, range 45-55 Hz
- 4-20 ma dc output signal, +/- 0.5 % accuracy class, IEC
688
- External 48 volts DC power supply
 Reactive
Power Transducers
 Measures 3 phase reactive power either balanced or unbalanced
 2 wattmeter method measuring bi-directional reactive power flow
 Rated Quantities
- Voltage 110V phase to phase or 115V phase to phase
- Current 1A or 5A
- Frequency 50 Hz, range 45-55 Hz
- 4-20 ma dc output signal, +/- 0.5 % accuracy class, IEC 688
- External 48 volts DC power supply
 OLTC Transducers
 Measures the tap position of a transformer providing output
to the RTU analog input point.
 Rated input Quantities
- Supports a wide range of resistance per tap from 1000
ohms to 25 K ohms
- Supports total number of taps from 9 to 25
- 4-20 ma dc output signal, +/- 0.5 % accuracy class, IEC
688
- 48 V external DC
Remote Terminal Unit

(R T U)
 REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT
 RTU is a microprocessor / micro controller
based device installed at substations &
generating stations to acquire on line data
from field devices and transmit the acquired
data to respective load despatch centres.
 INTERPOSING RELAYS
 Digital O/p circuits from RTU use low power level signals
(micro relays) which cannot be sent directly to the field
devices such as motor control circuits hence interposing
relays are required.
 This relay play an important role by amplifying the
current capacity of the contact singal of the I/O module
allowing larger current flow.
 Digital output ckt can normally uses dry (or) wet contacts
of low-voltage which also require interposing.
 MODULES OF RTU
 MAIN PROCESSOR MODULE
 ANALOG MODULE
 DIGITAL INPUT MODULE
 DIGITAL OUTPUT MODULE
 COMMUNICATION MODULE
 MOTHER BOARD MODULE.
 POWER SUPPLY UNIT
 MAIN PROCESSOR BOARD

MOTHER BOARD CONNECTOR

M
I
C
R E
O E
E
P P R R
P
R R A T D/O
O R
O M C
C O
M
E M
S
O
R

INTERFACE TO PERIPHERALS
 ANALOG MODULE

MOTHER BOARD CONNECTOR

ADDRESS
DATA
& ADC SIGNAL
SOH
CONTROL CONDITIONER
LOGIC

ANALOG ANALOG ANALOG ANALOG

MUX MUX MUX MUX

FIELD INTERFACE
A/D CONVERSION CALCULATION AT RTU LEVEL
(14BIT ADC).
IN 14 BIT RESOLUTION ANALOG CARD THE CONVERSION ARE
AS FOLLOWS:

FOR MW / MVAR TRANSDUCER:

INPUT: PT SEC PHASE TO PHASE : 110VAC
CT SEC TWO PHASE CURRENT (R & B): 1 AMPS.

OUTPUT : 4 – 20mA(TRANSDUCER OUTPUT)

IN ADC:

AT 4mA - 214 = 6553BITS

AT 20mA = 32767BITS
12mA IS THE CENTRE POINT.
(+/- 0.1% IS THE ACCEPTABLE RANGE OF ERROR ON FULL SCALE)
 DIGITAL INPUT MODULE
MOTHER BOARD INTERFACE

ADDRESS & DIGITAL DATA

CONTROL PROCESSOR
LOGIC

SAMPLING LOGIC

1 2 08 BUFFERS

FIELD INTERFACE
 COMMUNICATION MODULE
MOTHER BOARD INTERFACE

ARBITRATION LOGIC

E
P R BAUD
MP R A RATE
O M GENERATOR
M

C.C C.C C.C

DRIVERS & RECEIVERS(RS232)

INNTERFACE FOR MODEM

HARDWARE CONNECTIVITY DIAGRAM FOR DAC AT SUBSTATION
/ GEN.STATION
RS232 PORT

REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT TRANSDUCER PANEL

TRANSDUCER I/P TERMINAL PT
MAIN COMMN SEC F
110VAC
CPU BOARD PSU R
BOARD MW MVAR VOLT O
M
CT SEC
1 AMPS

TRANSDUCER O/P TERMINAL

S
W
I
T
A D C
C
N I O H
EVENT LOGGER
A G N PANEL Y
L T T A
O A R R
G L O D
L -
F
I/P I/P O/P
D
R
I
R E
E
I
TERMINAL TERMINAL TERMINAL
V
L L
BLOCK BLOCK BLOCK A
E
Y D
R
SCADA HARDWARE CONNECTIVITY WITH COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM(PLCC) AT SUB-STN/GEN ST

RS 232 CONNECTIVITY

N
PLCC T x / R x S
SPEECH / DATA K RTU
PANEL 5

PLCC
INDOOR EQUIMENT
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
 BASED ON MEDIA COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM AS FOLLOWS.

 PLCC ( POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION)

 BSNL LEASED LINE
 RADIO COMMUNICATION
 - VHF / UHF COMMUNICATION
 - MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION
 SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
 FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION
 Communication Channel for Information flow

RLDC
Wide Band
Commn
(MW / FO)
SLDC SLDC
Wide Band
Commn
Sub-LDC Sub-LDC
Wide Band /
PLCC Commn
RTU RTU RTU
 Wideband Channel Routing for Madurai Sub-LDC
Peramballur Echengodu
Tanjore 230

Erode Sub-LDC Chennai

(Erode) Sub-LDC
(NLC TS-I)

Pugalur Trichy 400

Trichy 230 Samayapuram

Madurai North Paramakudi

Madurai
Sub LDC
Sivagangai Karaikudi Podukotta Adanakottai Orthonadu Kovilvenni Thiruvarur
Madurai 400 C

Existing RTU – 9 nos.

TTPS Existing RTU integrated
Theni Kayathar Kodayar PH2
E New RTUs – 13 nos.

Sembatti Sathur
PLCC Link

Pariyar PH Tuticorin Auto S R Pudur MW Link

Interfacing with Communication
equipment
 SCADA HARDWARE CONNECTIVITY WITH COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM(WIDE BAND)
DIGITAL MICROWAVE

RTU
RADIO
FEP MUX TX / RX RADIO
MUX
TX / RX

FIBER OPTIC SYSTEM

RTU
FEP MUX OLTE OLTE MUX

CONTROL CENTRE SUBSTATION/ GEN STN SIDE

Control Centre
Energy Management Systems / (EMS)
Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition Systems (SCADA)

Facilities provided by : M/s. GE Harris, USA &

M/s.NELCO, India
 SCADA HARD WARE ELEMENTS IN
CONTROL CENTRE
MAIN SERVERS (Acquisition, Backup, EMS,DTS
Front End Processors (FEP)
Routers, Hubs, LAN Network.
Workstations for Man Machine Interface (MMI)
Video Projection Displays (VPD)
Optical Disk, Cartridge Magnetic Tapes.
Loggers, Line Printers, Laser Printers (colour /b/w)
Time and Frequency system
Weather station Equipments.
CONTROL CENTRE HARDWARE
CONTROL CENTRE HARDWARE
 SERVERS
High End Computers with RISC capabilities
With ASCII Terminal
Data Acquisition Servers(FEP)
RT Data Server
AGC Server
Network Study Server
ICCP Server
Data Base Management Server
Historical Data Server
DTS Server
 CLIENTS
Display Computers with High Graphics capabilities
Machines used for Interface between Operators, Engineers,
Managers with the Servers and have GUI facility.
The functions are – Real Time Displays (Data, Graphs,
Trends, SLDs, Grid …..)
Data Base Design Interface
Historical Data Analysis Interface
AGC Interface
PNA Interface
ICCP Interface
Programming Interface
DTS Interface
Playback Interface
 FRONT END PROCESSOR(FEP)
ESD BOND POINT
M
M PM M
V
CD ROM V
V 604 M
E M
M Dual 162 E
E 410 162
HDD 10GB 3600-1 410

1 9- 17- 33- 41-

25-32
- 16 24 40 48
8
1 16
 FRONT PANEL INDICATOR
 CHS(YELLOW)-C HECKSTOP-L ights when halt
condition from processor is detected.
 BFL(yellow)-B oard Failure-L ights when the board fail.
 CPU(green)-C PU activity-Lights when data bus
busy(DBB).
 PCI(green)-P CI activity-T his indicates that the PCI
mezzanine is active.
 FUS(green)-F u se OK-Lights when =5Vdc,+12Vdc and
–12Vdc power is available from base board to the
transition module and remote devices.
 SYS(green) System Controller –Lights when the system
is healthy.
 SCADA SYSTEM S/W

1. OPERATING SYSTEM: -
Should be highly reliable because of ROUND the clock
operation on Real Time System-UNIX,MVS,NT
2. DATA BASE
Relational Data Base Management System (RDBMS)
There will be multiple and independent DB ( Depends
upon the software design & operation)
SCADA Data Base
Historical Data Base
Real Time Data Base
PSA Data Base
 7200 SERIES ROUTER
 CISSCO 7200 SERIES ROUTER MODEL 7206.
 NPE 200 ( NETWORK PROCESSING ENGINE)
 V.35 INTER FACE FOR WIDE BAND
COMMUNICATION
 10 BASE T ETHERNET INTERFACE WITH 4
PORTS FOR LAN
 CONSOLE / MONITOR SERIAL 25 PIN PORT
 FLASH CARD FOR IOS LOADING
 IOS (INTER OPERATING SYSTEM) VER 11.
 CISCO ROUTER 7200

V.35 – 200PIN V.35 – 200PIN

V.35 – 200PIN
V.35 – 200PIN

V.35 – 200PIN
LAN

FLASH MEMORY AUX MONITOR

 ETHERNETSWITCH / HUB
 SMART STACT MAKE INTELLIGENT
SWITCH WITH 24 PORTS.
 HIGH SPEED PORTS 2 NOS
 10-BASE –T PORTS ARE 20NOS
 ALL PORTS ARE PROGRAMMABLE.
 CONTROL CENTRE

Software :
1. Operating System
2. Data Base
3. Applications
4. Programming Languages
5. communication protocols
 SCADA SOFTWARE
EXPERT SYSTEM S/W

EMS SOFTWARE DTS S/W

SCADA SOFTWARE

OPERATING SYSTEM

SYSTEM BIOS FIRMWARE

SYSTEM HARDWARE
DATABASE OVERVIEW

Physical Database

Temporal Database

Admin Database

Edit Database

Logical
Commit Database
data base

Source database
3. APPLICATIONS
Data Acquisition and Displays
Data Recording for Historical Analysis
Picture Editor
Data Base Management ( All Modeling )
Automatic Generation Control
Power Network Analysis
Generation Scheduling
Load Fore Casting

5. Programming Languages
FORTRAN,C,C++,Sybase,Oracle,Visual C
6. communication protocols
Inter Control Centre Protocol
 GUI FACILITIES
PAN, ZOOM, DECLUTTER, NAVIGATOR
ALARM FEATURES
– LISTING
– SETTING
– ACKNOWLEDGING
– ENABLE/DISABLE
– AUDIO ON/OFF
EVENT LIST
– OPERATOR CONTROLS
– CHANGE TO/FROM ALARM CONDITIONS
– NON-ALARM CHANGE OF STATE
– SOE
– ADD/REMOVE CONTROL/INFO TAG
– ADD/REMOVE MANUAL OVERRIDE
– APPLY/REMOVE ALARM DISABLE
 Scan Cycles
 All the analog data are scanned every 10/12
seconds
 Status information are reported by exception
 All status information are scanned for integrity
check every 10 minutes
 The SOE datas are time stamped at 1 ms
resolution
 Time synchronisation is done every 10
minutes
Thank You