ELECTRICAL

PROTECTION

• MEASURING ELEMENT

• COMPARING ELEMENT

• CONTROL TRIP ELEMENT

01/22/21 1
EARTHING
Solid EARTHING

Effectively earthed system.During

phase to earth fault voltage to earth
not greater than 80% of voltage
between phases
Resistance/reactance EARTHING
(non effectively earthed
system)
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FAULTS
SYSTEM FAULTS
INSULATION FAILURE
POLLUTION, EXCESS CURRENT, OVER VOLTAGE

NON SYSTEM FAULTS

INCORRECT SETTING
FAULTY OR INCORRECT CONNECTION
OPERATING MISTAKE
NOT PROPER CLOSING OF BREAKER

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FUNCTION OF
PROTECTIVE RELAYS
TO REMOVE FAULTY ELEMENT
FROM POWER SYSTEM
PROMPTLY.

TO PROVIDE INDICATION OF
LOCATION &TYPE OF FAULTS

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DESIGN CRETERIA
RELIABILITY Stability

SPEED Less than 2cycles

SELECTIVITY Discrimination

ECONOMICS Max.pro.at min.cost

SENSITIVITY Min.operating current

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Electrical protection
Unit system ZONAL PROTECTION
(DIFF. PROTECTION)

Non unit system TIME GRADED

PROTECTION

(O/C.,DISTANCEPROTECTION)

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RELAYS
CLASSIFICATION
PROTECTIVE RELAYS
MONITORING RELAYS
RECLOSING RELAYS
REGULATING RELAYS
AUXILIARY RELAYS
SYNCHRONIZING RELAYS

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RELAYS
INPUTS
CURRENT
VOLTAGE
POWER
PRESSURE
FREQUENCY
TEMPERATURE
FLOW
VIBRATION
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OPERATING PRINCIPLE
CURRENT BALANCE
PERCENTAGE
MULTI RESTRAINT
PRODUCT
SOLID STATE
MICROPROCESSOR
ELECTROMECHANICAL
THERMAL
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PERFORMANCE
CHARACTERISTICS
DISTANCE
DIRECTIONAL OVER CURRENT
INVERSE TIME
DEFINITE TIME
UNDER VOLTAGE
GROUND OR PHASE
HIGH OR LOW SPEED
PHASE COMPARISON
DIRECTIONAL COMPARISON
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RELAYS

ANALOG

DIGITAL

NUMERICAL

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IS. SPECIFICATION

IS.3231. SPEC.FOR ELEC.RELAYS

IS.3842 . Application guide for
relays
IS. 9124 . Guide for mtce.&field
testing
IS. 1885 . Electro tech.vocabulary

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ASA -- C 37 --2
21 Distance relay
32 Directional power relay
40 Loss of excitation
46 Negative sequence
49 Thermal relay
50 Over current relay
52 a.c.circuit breaker
64 Earth fault relay
86 Lock out relay
87 Differential relay
99 Over fluxing relay
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PROTECTION
CHARACTERISTICS

• SENSITIVITY • INPUTS
• SELECTIVITY # DIRECT
&Discrimination # FROM CT’S &
STABILITY PT’S
• SPEED
• RELIABILITY
• ECONOMY
• ADEQUATENESS
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 CHARACTERISTICS OF
CONVENTIONAL PROTECTION

* RELAYS FOR SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS

- MAIN PROTECTIONS
- AUX. FUNCTIONS
- FLAG & INDICATION
* MORE HARDWARE WIRING
* INTEGRATION WITH FIELD INPUTS
* MORE PHYSICAL SIZE
* HIGH COMPLEXITY & LESS FLEXIBILITY

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 RELAYS
•IS 1885 : Part 9 : 1992
•IEC 50-446 : 1983 Electrotechnical Vocabulary : Part 9
Electrical relays (First Revision)
•Reaffirmed 1997 ETD 1 Size A4 Pg 15 Gr 7

•IS 1885 : Part 10 : 1993

•IEC 50-448 : 1987 Electrotechnical Vocabulary : Part
10 Power System Protection (First revision)
•Reaffirmed 1999 ETD 1 Size A4 Pg 7 Gr 4

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•IS 3231 : Part 0 : 1986
•Electrical Relays for power systems protection: Part 0
General introduction and list of parts (First revision)
•Reaffirmed 1997 Amds 4 ETD 35 Size A5 Pg 5 Gr 2

•IS 3231 : 1965

•Specification for Electrical Relays for Power System
Protection
•Amds 4 ETD 35 Size A5 Pg 5 Gr 2

•IS 3231 : Part 1 : Sec 1 : 1986

•Specification for Electrical Relays for Power System
Protection Part 1: General Requirements Section 1 :
Contact Performance (First Revision)
•Reaffirmed 1997 ETD 31 Size A5 Pg 5 Gr 2
•IS 3231 : Part 1 : Sec 2 : 1986
•Electrical relays for power system protection: Part 1 General
requirements, Section 2 Insulation tests (First Revision)
•Reaffirmed 1997 ETD 35 Size A5 Pg 6 Gr 2

•IS 3231 : Part 1 : Sec 3 : 1986

•Electrical relays for power system protection: Part 1 General
requirements, Section 3 High frequency disturbance test for
static relays (First Revision)
•Reaffirmed 1997 ETD 35 Size A5 Pg 10 Gr 3

•IS 3231 : Part 2 : Sec 1 : 1987

•Specification for Electrical Relays for Power System
Protection Part 2: Requirements for Principal Families -
Section 1 : All-or-Nothing Relays
•Reaffirmed 1997 ETD 35 Size A5 Pg 25 Gr 7
•IS 3231 : Part 2 : Sec 2 : 1987
•Specification for Electrical Relays for Power System Protection –
Part 2: Requirements for Principal Families – Section2 : General
requirements for measuring Relays
•Reaffirmed 1997 ETD 35 Size A5 Pg 35 Gr 8

•IS 3231 : Part 2 : Sec 3 : 1987

•Electrical relays for power system protection: Part 2 Requirements
for principal families, Section 3 General requirements for thermal
relays.
•Reaffirmed 1997 ETD 35 Size A5 Pg 22 Gr 6

•IS 3231 : Part 3 : Sec 1 : 1987

•Specification for Electrical Relays for Power System Protection
Part 2: Requirements for Particular group of Relays – Section 1:
Non-specified Time or Independent Specified Time Measuring
Relays
•IS 3231 : Part 3 : Sec 2 : 1987
•Specification for Electrical Relays for Power System Protection –
Part 3: Requirements for Particular Group of Relays – Section 2:
Dependent Specified Time Measuring Relays.
•Reaffirmed 1997 ETD 35 Size A5 Pg 11 Gr 3

•IS 3231 : Part 3 : Sec 3 : 1987

•Specification for Electrical Relays for Power System Projection –
Part 3: Requirements for Particular Group of Relays – Section 4 :
Directional Relays and Power Relays.
•Reaffirmed 1997 ETD 35 Size A5 Pg 16 Gr 4

•IS 3231 : Part 3 : Sec 4 : 1987

•Specification for electrical Relays for Power System Protection-Part
3: Requirements for Particular Group of Relays-Section 4:
Directional Relays and Power Relays.
•Reaffirmed 1997 ETD 35 Size A5 Pg 19 Gr 5
•IS 3231 : Part 3 : Sec 5 : 1987
•Electrical Relays for power system Protection: Part 3 Requirements
for particular group of relays, Section 5 Impedance measuring
relays.
•Reaffirmed 1997 ETD 35 Size A5 Pg 16 Gr 4
•IS 3842 : Part 1 : 1967
•Application guide for electrical relays for ac systems: Part 1
Overcurrent relays for feeders and transformers
•Reaffirmed 1996 ETD 35 Size A5 Pg 59 Gr 11

•IS 3842 : Part 2 : 1967

•Application guide for electrical relays for ac systems: Part 2
Overcurrent relays for generators and motors
•Reaffirmed 1996 ETD 35 Size A5 Pg 16 Gr 4

•IS 3242 : Part 3 : 1967

•Application guide for electrical relays for ac systems. Part 3 Phase
unbalance relays including negative phase sequence relays.
•Reaffirmed 1996 Amds 1 ETD 35 Size A5 Pg 14 Gr 4
•IS 3842 : Part IV : 1966
•Application guide for electrical relays for ac systems: Part IV
Thermal Relays
•Reaffirmed 1996 Amds 1 ETD 35 Size A5 Pg 24 Gr 6

•IS 3842 : Part 5 : 1968

•Application guide for electrical relays for ac systems: Part 5
Distance Protection relays
•Reaffirmed 1996 ETD 35 Size A5 Pg 42 Gr 9

•IS 3842 : Part VI : 1972

•Application guide for electrical relays for ac systems. Part VI:
Power Relays.
•Reaffirmed 1996 ETD 35 Size A5 Pg 19 Gr 5
•IS 3842 : Part 7 : 1972
•Application guide for electrical relays for ac systems: Part 7
Frequency Relays
•Reaffirmed 1997 ETD 35 Size A5 Pg 19 Gr 5

•IS 3842 : Part 8 : 1976

•Application guide for electrical relays for ac systems: Part 8
Voltage relays
•Reaffirmed 1996 ETD 35 Size A5 Pg 22 Gr 6

•IS 3842 : Part 9 : 1977

•Application guide for electrical relays for ac systems. Part 9 Relays
for bus bar protection.
•Reaffirmed 1996 ETD 35 Size A5 Pg 69 Gr 12
•IS 3842 : Part X : 1976
•Application guide for electrical relays for ac systems: Part X
Relays for Transverse Differential Protection.
•Reaffirmed 1996 ETD 35 Size A5 Pg 13 Gr 4

•IS 3842 : Part 12 : 1976

•Application guide for electrical relays for ac systems: Part 12
Differential relays for transformers
•Reaffirmed 1997 ETD 35 Size A5 Pg 21 Gr 6
•IS 9124 : 1979
•Guide for maintenance and field testing of electrical relays

•Reaffirmed 1996 Amds 1 ETD 35 Size A5 Pg 28 Gr 7

 RELAYS - TYPES

•BASED ON FUNCTION
•BASED ON WORKING PRINCIPLE
•BASED ON CONSTRUCTION
•BASED ON CHARACTERISTIC
QUANTITY
•BASED ON TIME

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 Based on function

• MEASURING RELAY • SECONDARY

• REGULATING • SHUNT
• SUDDEN CHANGE • AUXILIARY
• RATE OF CHANGE • INDICATING
• TWO STEP • CHANGE OVER
• ALL OR NOTHING • CURRENT ZERO
• PRIMARY • NOTCHING
• TOTAL PRIMARY • SEQUENTIAL
• FRACTIONAL PRIMARY • BIASED
• SUPERVISORY

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 Based on Working

• ELECTROMAGNETIC RELAY
• ELECTRO DYNAMIC
• ELECTRO MECHANICAL
• FERRO DYNAMIC
• INDUCTION FIELD
• THERMAL
• PHYSICO-ELECTRIC
• PM MOVING COIL
• FERRARIS
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 Based on construction

• NON-RESETTING RELAY
• PLUG IN
• STATIC
• BALANCED BEAM
• MOTOR PATTERN
• DRAW OUT

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 Based on Characteristic Quantity

• Current Relay • Quotient

• Voltage Relay • Z (v/t)
• Power Relay • Conductance (I/V)
• Active Power • Differential
• Definite-Distance Relay
• Reactive Power
• -ve phase
• Arbitrary Phase angle
sequence(current)
power relay
• -ve phase
• Directional Relay-AC sequence(voltage
• Directional Relay-DC • Voltage unbalance
• Polarised

01/22/21 31
 BASED ON TIME

• Instantaneous • Inverse time lag

• Definite time lag with definite
• dependant time min. time
lag • Time relay
• Inverse time lag • Time lag
• independent • Time distance
time lag relay

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 GROUPING OF RELAYS

• O/C U/C - • Over Freq./Under

Instantaneous or Freq.
with time delay • Z/Mho/Reactance
• O/V U/V • -ve Sequence
Instantaneous or • Balance current
with time delay
• DC Polarized
• Differential
• AC Series
• Directional
• Thermal
• Reverse Power
• Auxiliary

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