CABLING

LANs & WANs

Module 5
Semester I
Module 5 – Cabling LANs & WANs

Content

• Cabling the LAN

• Cabling the WAN

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Module 5 – Cabling LANs & WANs

Objectives
• Identify characteristics of Ethernet networks.
• Identify straight-through, crossover, and rollover cables.
• Describe the function, advantages, and disadvantages of
repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches, and wireless network
components.
• Describe the function of peer-to-peer networks.
• Describe the function, advantages, and disadvantages of
client-server networks.
• Describe and differentiate between serial, Integrated
Services Digital Network (ISDN), digital subscriber line (DSL),
and cable modem WAN connections.
• Identify router serial ports, cables, and connectors.
• Identify and describe the placement of equipment used in
various WAN configurations.
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 Cabling the LAN
The Physical Layer
Module 5 – Cabling LANs & WANs

Networking Media
Carry flow of information

Media Characteristics: Media Types

Cable length •Coaxial
Cost •Fiber Optic
Ease of installation •Space
Susceptibility to interference Category 5 unshielded twisted-pair
cable (Cat 5 UTP)

A subset of
physical layer
implementations
for Ethernet
LANs

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Module 5 – Cabling LANs & WANs

Ethernet Media

Ethernet technologies can be used in a campus network

in several different ways:
• 10 Mbps at the user level to provide good performance.
• 100 Mbps for clients or servers that require more bandwidth.
• Fast or Gigabit Ethernet between backbone devices.

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Module 5 – Cabling LANs & WANs

Media Connectors

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Module 5 – Cabling LANs & WANs

RJ-45 connectors

This is the
Jack
This is the
Connector

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Module 5 – Cabling LANs & WANs

568B pin assignments – straight cable

Transmit Data
Tip +ve Transmit Data
Ring -ve

Receive Data
Receive Data
Ring -ve
Tip +ve
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Module 5 – Cabling LANs & WANs

Cross Over cable – pin assignments

568B 10

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Module 5 – Cabling LANs & WANs

Interconnecting Devices

Use straight-through cables for… Use roll-over cables to…

•Switch to router •Connect a terminal to a
•Switch to PC or server console port
•Hub to PC or server

Use crossover cables

for…
•Switch to switch
•Switch to hub
•Hub to hub
•Router to router
•PC to PC 11
•Router to PC
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 LAN Devices
Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges, Switches
Module 5 – Cabling LANs & WANs

Repeaters - Hubs
Repeaters
• A repeater regenerates and retimes network signals at the bit level to
allow them to travel a longer distance
• 5-4-3 Rule for 10-Mbps Ethernet should be used to limit latency
• Too much latency on the LAN increases the number of latecollisions
and makes the LAN less efficient

Hubs
 Hubs are actually multiport repeaters
 Change the network topology from a linear bus to a star
 Three basic types:
1. Passive – no boost, no clean and no power
2. Active - needs power to amplify the incoming signal
3. Intelligent - microprocessor chip and diagnostic capabilities 13

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Module 5 – Cabling LANs & WANs

Bridges & Switches

Bridges
• Bridges and switches operate at the Data Link layer.
• Destination MAC address is looked up in the bridge table to
determine whether to filter, flood, or copy the frame onto another
segment.

Switches
• A switch has many ports with many network segments connected to them.
• A switch chooses the port to which the destination device is connected.
• Alleviates congestion in LANs by reducing the size of collision domains,
reducing traffic and increasing bandwidth.
Two basic operations:
1. Switching data frames.
2. Build and maintain switching tables and search for loops.
Switches operate at much higher speeds than bridges and can support new
functionality, such as virtual LANs. 14

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Module 5 – Cabling LANs & WANs

Wireless
Much less cabling
RF, IR, laser, satellite, microwaves
 The only cabling can be to the Access Points
 The transmitter converts source data to EM waves
 The receiver converts waves back into data
 All devices in WLAN must have Wireless NICs

IR weaknesses:
 ‘Line of sight’ limitation (newer technologies combat this)

 Signal weakening or obstruction by people or humidity

RF technology works between rooms or even buildings

RF weaknesses:
 Single frequency is subject to outside interference and obstructions

 Single frequency is easily monitored by others making it insecure

FHSS and DSSS are Spread Spectrum technologies which add security
and immunity to noise by using multiple frequencies 15

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Module 5 – Cabling LANs & WANs

NIC

The function of a NIC is to connect a host device to the

network medium
The NIC is also referred to as a network adapter
NICs are considered Layer 2 devices because each NIC
carries a unique code called a MAC address 16

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Module 5 – Cabling LANs & WANs

Network Environments

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Module 5 – Cabling LANs & WANs

Peer-to-Peer
In a peer-to-peer network
• networked computers act as equal partners, or peers
• individual users control their own resources

Peer-to-peer networks are relatively easy to install and

operate
A peer-to-peer network works well with 10 or fewer
computers
peer-to-peer networks do not scale well, their efficiency
decreases rapidly as the number of computers on the
network increases
Security is difficult to maintain

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Module 5 – Cabling LANs & WANs

Client/Server

In a client/server arrangement, network services are

located on a dedicated computer called a server

The server is a central computer that is continuously

available to respond to requests from clients for file,
print, and application services

Servers are designed to handle requests from many

clients simultaneously

The aggregation of resources on server systems brings

greater security, simpler access and coordinated
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control, the server introduces a single point of failure
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Module 5 – Cabling LANs & WANs

Peer-to-Peer vs. Client/Server

Advantages

Advantages of a Peer-to-Peer Advantages of a

Network Client/Server Network

Less expensive to implement Provides for better security

Does not require additional Easier to administer when the

specialized network network is large due to
administration software centralized administration

Does not require a dedicated All data can be backed up on

network administrator one central location
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Module 5 – Cabling LANs & WANs

Peer-to-Peer vs. Client/Server

Disadvantages

Disadvantages of a Peer-to-Peer Disadvantages of a Client/Server

Network Network

Does not scale well to a large Requires expensive specialized

networks and administration network administrative and
becomes unmanageable operational software

Each user must be trained to Requires expensive, more powerful

perform administrative tasks hardware for the server machine

Requires a professional
Less secure
administrator

Has a single point of failure. User

All machines sharing resources
data is unavailable if the server is
negatively impacts performance
down
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Module 5 – Cabling LANs & WANs

WAN Connections

Serial connections are used to support WAN services such as

dedicated leased lines that run Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) or
Frame Relay 22

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Module 5 – Cabling LANs & WANs

WAN

WANs use serial transmission

This is a process by which bits of data are sent over a

single channel

This process provides reliable long distance

communication and the use of a specific
electromagnetic or optical frequency range

Signals transmitted over voice grade telephone lines use

3 kilohertz (kHz).

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Module 5 – Cabling LANs & WANs

WAN
Serial connections are used to support WAN services
such as dedicated leased lines that run Point-to-Point
Protocol (PPP) or Frame Relay
ISDN offers dial-on-demand connections or dial backup
services.
• ISDN Basic Rate Interface (BRI) is composed of:
Two 64 kbps bearer channels (B channels) for
data
One delta channel (D channel) at 16 kbps used
for signaling and other link-management tasks
• PPP is typically used to carry data over the B
channels.
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Module 5 – Cabling LANs & WANs

Router Connections

Cisco router physical connectivity is provided by serial connections:

• The first type of serial connections is a 60-pin connector
• The second is a more compact ‘smart serial’ connector

The provider connector will vary depending on the type of service 25

equipment
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Module 5 – Cabling LANs & WANs

DTE/DCE

When the connection is made directly to a service provider, or a

device that provides signal clocking such as a channel/data
service unit (CSU/DSU), the router will be a data terminal
equipment (DTE) and use a DTE serial cable.

When the local router is required to provide the clocking rate it will
use a data communications equipment (DCE) cable
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Module 5 – Cabling LANs & WANs

Router Connection Points

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Module 5 – Cabling LANs & WANs

Managing Routers
To initially configure the Cisco device, a management
connection must be directly connected to the device
The console port allows monitoring and configuration of
a Cisco hub, switch, or router
The cable used between a terminal and a console port
is a rollover cable
also known as a console cable

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Module 5 – Cabling LANs & WANs

Console Connection

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LABS
Module 5 – Cabling LANs & WANs

LABS

5.1.5 RJ-45 jack punch down

5.1.7 Hub & NIC purchase
5.1.10 Purchasing LAN Switches
5.1.12 Building a Peer to Peer network
5.1.13a Building a HUB based network
5.1.13b Building a Switch based network

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