• Previous lecture

Indicator
• An indicator is a weak acid or base that changes
colour between its ionised and un-ionised forms
• For example, phenolphthalein (PP) colour changes
between pH 8.4 and pH 10.4
• Undergoes a structural rearrangement as a proton
is removed from one of its phenol groups when
the pH rises, and this causes the colour change
• In titration 24.4 ml of 0.0154 NaOH is needed
to neutralize Asprin solution of 20 ml what is
conc of asprin in solution
 Titration calculation
1. Standard who volume and molarity is given
calculate moles of standard
2. How many moles of standard neutralize
unknown (mole ratio) from balanced
chemical equation
3. Mole of unknown determined use to find
mass or molarity for molarity simply divide
moles by volume unknown used
Redox titration

20/4/2020
 Introduction
• The oxidation and reduction processes essentially take
place simultaneously in a reaction, thus one
entity gets reduced in the process of oxidizing the
second. ‘Redox’—is the abbreviated form of reduction
—oxidation systems.
• In the oxidation—reduction methods of analysis a
change in valence of the reacting products is a must
which is contrary to precipitation and neutralization
methods of analysis where no change in valence occur.
• The major oxidizing agents normally employed in
volumetric titrations include, potassium permanganate,
potassium dichromate, and ceric sulphate.
 reducing agent
• A reducing agent is the reactant that loses
electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction :
Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e
Ce3+ → Ce4+ + e
Thus, the reactant containing a constituent
atom or atoms are converted to a higher state
of oxidation.
 oxidizing agent
• An oxidizing agent is the reactant that gains
electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction :
• Ce4+ + e– → Ce3+
• Fe3+ + e– → Fe2+
• Thus, the reactant containing a constituent
atom or atoms are converted to a lower state
of oxidation.
• from the combination of oxidizing and
reducing agents, for instance
• Fe2+ + Ce4+ → Fe3+ + Ce3+
• and hence, ferrous sulphate can be estimated
quantitatively by its reaction with ceric
sulphate.
 PERMANGANATE
• The vital application of potassium
permanganate as a potential oxidizing agent in
an acidic medium mainly rests on the
reactions designated by the following
equations
• 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4→ K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O +
5(O)
Hydrogen Peroxide Solution
 DICHROMATE METHODS
• Potassium dischromate (K2Cr2O7) is a strong
oxidizing agent,