DATA MODELS, SCHEMA,

INSTANCE
 Data Model
• Logical structure of the database.
• Collection of concepts describing the structure
of a database.
• To specify the basic operations like insert,
delete, update/ modify or retrieve
• How the data are connected with each other
and how they are processed and stored inside
the database.
 Data Model - Types
• Hierarchical Model
• Network Model
• Relational Model
• E-R Model
 Hierarchical Model
• A hierarchical database model is a data model in
which the data is organized into a tree-like structure.
• The data is stored as records which are connected to
one another through links.
• A record is a collection of fields, with each field
containing only one value.
• In this model each entity has only one parent but can
have several children .
• At the top of hierarchy there is only one entity which
is called Root.
Hierarchical Model
 Hierarchical Model
• Drawback
– it can have only one to many relationships between
nodes.
 Network Model
– entities are organized in a graph, in which some
entities can be accessed through several path.
Network Model
 Relational Model
– data is organized in two-dimensional tables
called relations.
– The tables or relation are related to each other
Relational Model
 E-R Model
– Graphical representation of entities and their
relationships to each other
– The main components of E-R model are:
- entity set
- relationship set
E-R Model
Schema and Instances
 Schema
• Description of the database
• Specified during db design
 Instances
• Data available at a particular moment of time
(Snapshot)
• Also called – current set of occurrence.
Three Schema Architecture
Three Schema Architecture