UNIT 111

• Emotions- dimensions of emotions; Theories of

emotions-
• James-Lange theory,
• Cannon-Bard theory,
• Schachter-Singer theory,
• Opponent-Process Theory;
• Emotional Intelligent ;
• Domains of emotional intelligent; emotional
intelligence Vs Intelligent quotient
 Emotions
• Intense feeling directed at some one or some thing.
• Reaction to a person or an event.
• Emotion includes the situation or experience, the
interpretation, the perception, and the response or
feeling related to the experience of a particular situation.
 Emotions……

• Caused by specific event

• Very brief in duration
• Specific and numerous in
nature
• Usually accompanied by
distinct facial expressions
• Action oriented in nature
 Source of emotions….
• Personality
• Day of the week and time of the day
• Weather
• Stress
• Social activities
• Sleep
• Exercise
• Age
• Gender
Applications of emotions……
• Selection
• Decision making
• Creativity
• Motivation
• Leadership
• Negotiation
• Customer service
• Job attitudes
• Deviant work place behaviors
• Safety and injury at work
Theories of Emotion
James-Lange theory
Cannon-Bard theory
Schachter-Singer theory
Opponent-Process Theory
 Theories of Emotion

 Does your heart pound because you

are afraid…or are you afraid because
you feel your heart pounding?
 James-Lange
Theory of Emotion
• Proposed by psychologist William James and
physiologist Carl Lange
• Emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to
events.
•  when you see an external stimulus that leads to a
physiological reaction.
• For example, suppose you are walking in the woods
and you see a grizzly bear. You begin to tremble, and
your heart begins to race.
 James-Lange
Theory of Emotion
 Experience of emotion is awareness of
physiological responses to emotion-arousing
stimuli
Sight of Pounding Fear
oncoming heart (emotion)
car (arousal)
(perception of
stimulus)
• For another example, imagine that you are
walking through a dark parking garage toward
your car. You notice a dark figure trailing
behind you and your heart begins to race.
According to the James-Lange theory, you
then interpret your physical reactions to the
stimulus as fear. Therefore, you feel frightened
and rush to your car as quickly as you can.
 Cannon-Bard
Theory of Emotion

Pounding
heart  Emotion-arousing
(arousal)
Sight of stimuli simultaneously
oncoming
car trigger:
(perception of
stimulus)  physiological responses
 subjective experience of
Fear emotion
(emotion)
• The physical and psychological experience of
emotion happen at the same time and that one
does not cause the other.
• According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion,
we feel emotions and experience physiological
reactions such as sweating, trembling, and muscle
tension simultaneously.
• For example: I see a snake --> I am afraid, and I begin to
tremble.
• For example, imagine that you are walking to your car
through a darkened parking garage. You hear the sounds of
footsteps trailing behind you, and spot a shadowy figure
slowly following you as you make your way to your car.
According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, you will
experience feelings of fear and physical reaction at the
same time. You will begin to feel fearful, and your heart will
begin to race. You rush to your car, lock the doors behind
you and rush out of the parking garage to head home.
Cannon-Bard Theory 
 Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

Pounding
heart  To experience
(arousal)
Sight of Fear emotion one
oncoming (emotion)
car must:
(perception of
stimulus)
 be physically
aroused
Cognitive
 cognitively label
label the arousal
“I’m afraid”
• That the physiological arousal occurs first, and
then the individual must identify the reason
for this arousal to experience and label it as an
emotion.
• A stimulus leads to a physiological response
that is then cognitively interpreted and
labeled which results in an emotion.
Two Routes to Emotion
Two Dimensions of Emotion

Positive
valence

pleasant
relaxation joy
Low High
arousal arousal
fear
sadness anger

Negative
valence
Emotion and Physiology
Autonomic nervous system controls
physiological arousal
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
division (arousing) division (calming)
Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract
Decreases SALIVATION Increases
Perspires SKIN Dries
Increases RESPIRATION Decreases
Accelerates HEART Slows
Inhibits DIGESTION Activates
Secrete stress ADRENAL Decreases
hormones GLANDS secretion of
stress
hormones
Arousal and Performance

 Performance
peaks at lower
levels of
arousal for
difficult tasks,
and at higher
levels for easy
or well-learned
tasks
 Opponent-Process Theory
• Richard Solomon (1980) has developed a
theory of motivation/emotion that views
emotions as pairs of opposites (for example,
fear-relief, pleasure-pain). The opponent-
process theory states that when one emotion
is experienced, the other is suppressed. 
 Opponent-Process Theory
• For example, if you are frightened by a mean dog, the
emotion of fear is expressed and relief is suppressed. If
the fear-causing stimulus continues to be present, after
a while the fear decreases and the relief intensifies. For
example, if the dog didn't move, your fear would
decrease and relief that the dog didn't attack would
increase. If the stimulus is no longer present, then the
first emotion disappears and is replaced totally with the
second emotion. If the dog turns and runs, you are no
longer afraid, but rather feel very relieved.
 Opponent-Process Theory
•  a model of drug addiction. The drug initially
produces pleasurable feelings, but then a
negative emotional experience occurs.
Eventually, the drug user takes drugs not for
their pleasurable effects, but to avoid
withdrawal symptoms. The opponent-process
theory is an attempt to link emotional states
with motivation.
 Emotional Quotient

Definition
• Emotional Intelligence, or EI, describes an ability or
capacity to perceive, assess, and manage the
emotions of one's self, and of others.  EQ, or
Emotional Quotient, is how one measures
Emotional Intelligence. 
 Major components of
EQ/EI
Self Awareness – Understand
own moods and emotions

SOCIAL RELATIONSHIP Self Management –

AWARENESS MANAGEMENT
Control over emotions,
think before act!

EI Social Awareness – Develop a

Emotional
intelligence rapport with new people

Relationship Management –
SELF- SELF- Understand other’s
MANAGEMANT AWARENESS
emotions and treat them as they
wish to be treated
 What EQ is NOT…

• Being agreeable
• Being optimistic
X X X
• Being calm
• Giving someone a hug
• ..These are good qualities to have, but
have very little to do with Intelligence and X
Emotions and nothing to do with
Emotional Intelligence!!!
 What EQ is…

• Self awareness

• Self confidence

• Interpersonal skills

• Social competence
 How to raise your EQ
• Knowing one’s own emotions
• Recognize and name emotions you feel; understand
why you feel that way; and distinguish between
feelings and actions
• Motivating oneself
• When considering how to productively harness your
feelings, practice some emotional self-control and
delay gratification
• Recognizing emotions in others
• Be sensitive to other people’s feelings and listen well
 How to raise your EQ

• Managing emotions
• Accept your feelings, but find a balance
between over sensitivity or over expression
and emotional suppression
• Handling relationships
• Being perceptive, applying conflict
management skills instead of ignoring conflict,
and being considerate and cooperative
 How does EQ help you to succeed?

• College interviews
• Summer jobs
• Internships
• Relationships with family and
friends
• Career: Employers administer
EQ tests before offering jobs
• Progress quickly thru life and
achieve more!
• Ability to deal with your
immediate world
 KEY POINTS!!!
• Your EQ has more to do
with your success and
happiness in life than your
IQ and it can be learned.

It is very important to understand

that emotional intelligence is not the
opposite of intelligence, it is not the
triumph of heart over head -- it is the
unique intersection of both
 Challenge Yourself to Achieve!!!
• It is not just technical and analytical abilities (IQ) that
makes one successful

• To be successful in life, you need a combination of EQ

and IQ.
Intelligence 
 Intelligence 
• Derived from Latin verb ‘intelligere’ means
‘to understand’
 Think on Your Own…

• How do YOU define Intelligence?

 What is Intelligence?
• Intelligence is an inferred process that
humans use to explain the different degrees
of adaptive success in people’s behavior.
• The mental abilities that enable one to adapt
to, shape, or select one’s environment
• The ability to judge, comprehend, and reason
• The ability to understand and deal with people,
objects, and symbols
• The ability to act purposefully, think rationally,
and deal effectively with the environment
 Definition of Intelligence
• Intelligence: the capacity to learn
 Intelligence 
• Reflect a broader and deeper capability for
comprehending our surroundings- ‘’ catching
on “,making sense” of things, or ‘’finding out”
what to do.
 Intelligence
• A very general mental
capability that ,
among other things
involves the ability to
reason ,plan ,solve
problems , think
abstractly,
comprehend complex
ideas, learn quickly
and learn from
experience
 Comparison chart
EQ
Stands for Emotional Quotient (aka
emotional intelligence)
Definition Emotional quotient (EQ) or
emotional intelligence is the
ability to identify, assess, and
control the emotions of
oneself, of others, and of
groups.
Abilities Identify, evaluate, control and
express emotions ones own
emotions; perceive, and
assess others' emotions; use
emotions to facilitate
thinking, understand
emotional meanings.
In the workplace Teamwork, leadership,
successful relations, service
orientation, initiative,
collaboration.
IQ
Intelligence Quotient
An intelligence quotient (IQ)
is a score derived from one of
several standardized tests
designed to assess
intelligence.
Ability to learn, understand
and apply information to
skills, logical reasoning, word
comprehension, math skills,
abstract and spatial thinking,
filter irrelevant information.
Success with challenging
tasks, ability to analyze and
connect the dots, research
and development.
 EQ
Identifies Leaders, team-players,
individuals who best work
alone, individuals with social
challenges.
Origin 1985, Wayne Payne's
doctoral thesis "A Study of
Emotion: Developing
Emotional Intelligence"
Popular use came in Daniel
Goleman's 1995 book
"Emotional Intelligence -
Why it can matter more than
IQ"
Popular Tests Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Test
(emotion-based problem-
solving tasks); Daniel
Goleman model Score (based
on emotional competencies).
IQ
Highly capable or gifted
individuals, individuals with
mental challenges and
special needs.
1883, English statistician
Francis Galton's paper
"Inquiries into Human
Faculty and Its Development"
First application came in
French psychologist Alfred
Binet's 1905 test to assess
school children in France.
Stanford-Binet test;
Wechsler; Woodcock-
Johnson Tests of Cognitive
Abilities.