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Professional Practices

Team Management
Week-10
What is a team?

“ A team is a number of persons associated together in

work or activity: as a group on one side (as in football or
debate).”

In other words, when one person cannot accomplish a

job alone and several individuals must cooperate to
fulfill a mission, you need a team. The better the
cooperation, communication, and coordination among
team members, the more efficient the team
Teamwork
Is close cooperation between cross-trained employees
who are familiar with a wide range of jobs in their organization

Team-building

Is high interaction among group members to increase

trust and openness

What is team management?

Team management refers to techniques, processes and tools

for organizing and coordinating a group of individuals working
towards a common goal—i.e. a team.
The 4 C’s of top high-potential employees…

Competence

Character

Communication

Collaboration
 Study of most important leadership
skills
Must have superb communication skills.

Lead by example to demonstrate character and competence.

Establish and maintain clear and meaningful vision.

Provide motivation to create ownership and accountability for

results.

Clarify performance expectations.

Foster teamwork and collaboration.

Develop clear performance goals

and metrics.
 Why you need to be an expert at collaboration and
teamwork:

You cannot succeed alone.

You need a team of the brightest people you can possibly find
to help you.

You need to help the team work extremely well together.

You need the team to support you with enthusiasm, respect

and trust.

But don’t take my word for it…

The 'Team Development Model', identified by ‘Bruce Tuckman’,
offers a foundational definition of the stages teams go through
during their lifecycle. Those stages are labeled

4. Forming

6. Storming

8. Norming

10. Performing

12.Adjourning
The Forming – Storming – Norming – Performing-Adjourning model
of group development maintained that these phases are all necessary
and inevitable in order for the team to grow, to face up to challenges, to
tackle problems, to find solutions, to plan work, and to deliver results.
This model has become the basis for subsequent models.
MANAGING THE TEAM

Selection
- Analyzing Team roles
- Forming the Team
- Establishing Team goals
- Matching Team to Task

Bonding
- Establishing Team Trust

Development
- Balancing Skills within the Team
- Ways to formulate Goals
- Maximizing Team Performance
- Improving Team Efficiency
Optimizing Performance
- Maximizing Performance
- Team Dynamics
- Four Stages of Team Development
- Managing Tactics
- Resolving Conflicts

Assessment
- Project or Goal Check
Team Dynamics
Team and group dynamics are influenced by many factors, such as
The larger context in which the team operates,
The organization,
The team identity itself, and
The mix of individuals within the team.

The Context of the Team

The country and geographic region form a larger culture in which the
organization operates. All of these contribute to the economic, political,
technical, and cultural climates in which the organization, the team, and the
individuals operate.

The Organization

The kind of organization, such as business, or non-profit, along with the

organizational culture will influence the team functioning just as much as the
division of the organization such as sales, research, operations, etc.
The Team Identity
Teams have an identity of their own. This identity stems from the
interrelationship of the larger culture, the organizational culture, the
team configuration, the nature
ofpreferences, or temperaments of the team members.

The Individuals
Within this mix of influences are the individual team
members who likely have specific kinds of work to perform
and specific roles on the team. Individual members influence
the team dynamics as well, so much so that when the
composition of the team changes, the team dynamics will
change.
TEAM BUILDING

Team building refers to a wide range of activities,

presented to schools, sport teams, religious or
businesses, nonprofit
organizations designeds for improving team
performance. building is via a of
Team
practices, and can range
pursued simple bonding
variety exercises
from
complex simulations and multi-daytoteam building retreats
designed to develop a team (including group assessment and
group-dynamic games), usually falling somewhere in between.
Reasons for team building
3.Improving communication

5.Making the workplace more enjoyable

7.Motivating a team

9.Getting to know each other

11.Getting everyone "onto the same page", including goal setting

13.Teaching the team self-regulation strategies

15.Helping participants to learn more about themselves (strengths and

weaknesses)

17.Identifying and utilizing the strengths of team members

19.Improving team productivity

21.Practicing effective collaboration with team members

Types of team-building exercises

Communication exercise

This type of team building exercise is exactly what it sounds like.

Communications exercises are problem solving activities that are geared
towards improving communication skills. The issues teams encounter in
these exercises are solved by communicating effectively with each other.

•Goal: Create an activity which highlights the importance of good

communication in team performance and/or potential problems with
communication.

Problem-solving/decision-making exercise

Problem-solving/decision-making exercises focus specifically on groups

working together to solve difficult problems or make complex decisions.
These exercises are some of the most common as they appear to have the
most direct link to what employers want their teams to be able to do.

•Goal: Give team a problem in which the solution is not easily apparent or
requires the team to come up with a creative solution
Planning/adaptability exercise

These exercises focus on aspects of planning and being adaptable to

change. These are important things for teams to be able to do when they
are assigned complex tasks or decisions.

• Goal: Show the importance of planning before implementing a solution

Trust exercise

A trust exercise involves engaging team members in a way that will induce
trust between them. They are sometimes difficult exercises to implement as
there are varying degrees of trust between individuals and varying degrees
of individual comfort trusting others in general.

• Goal: Create trust between team members

Barriers to Team Building
• Credibility of the project leader

• Unclear project objectives

• Changing goals and priorities

• Lack of team definition and structure

• Confusion about roles and responsibilities

• Performance appraisals that fail to recognize teamwork

• Excessive team size (Optimum size 7 – 25)

Group Intercommunication Formula

n ( n − 1) / 2

Examples

5 developers -> 5(5 − 1) / 2 = 10 channels of

communication

10 developers -> 10(10 − 1) / 2 = 45 channels of

communication

50 developers -> 50(50 − 1) / 2 = 1225 channels

of communication
Common Characteristics of High Performing Teams
2.Goals are clearly
defined and matched with
measurable outcomes
4.Accurate effective 2-way communication

6.Leadership is shared and participation encouraged

8.Effective decision making and problem solving

10.Team identity and cohesiveness

12.Diverse backgrounds and experience Cooperation and
collaboration
14.They share a common identity
Steven Covey’s 7 habits

Ca be applied to improve effectiveness on projects

Be proactive

Begin with the end in mind

Put first things first

Think win/win

Seek first to understand, then to be understood

Synergize

Sharpen the saw

Managing Teams

Project managers must lead their teams in performing various

project activities

1.After assessing team performance and related information, the

project manager must decide:
-if changes should be requested to the project
-if corrective or preventive actions should be recommended
-if updates are needed to the project management plan or
organizational process assets

2.Tools and techniques available to assist in managing project

teams include:
-observation and conversation
-project performance appraisals
-conflict management
-issue logs
Develop your team
Be patient and kind with your team

Fix the problem instead of blaming people

Establish regular, effective meetings

Allow time for teams to go through the basic team-building stages

Limit the size of work teams to five to twelve members

Plan some social activities to help project team members and other
stakeholders

Stress team identity

Nurture team members and encourage them to help each other

Take additional actions to work with virtual team members

Know the conditions favorable for development
of high performing teams
Voluntary team membership

Continuous service on the team

Full-time assignment to the team

An organization culture of cooperation and trust

Members report only to the project manager

Functional areas are represented on the team

The project has a compelling objective

Members are in speaking distance of each other

Establishing a Team Identity

Effective Use of Meetings

Co-location of team members

Creation of project team name

Team rituals
Orchestrating the Decision-
Making Process
Problem Identification

Generating Alternatives

Reaching a Decision

Follow-up
Challenges of Managing Virtual Teams
Developing trust
-exchange of social information
-set clear roles for each team member

Developing effective patterns of communication

-include face-to-face if at all possible
-keep team members informed on how the overall project is
going
-don’t let team members vanish
-establish a code of conduct to avoid delays
-establish clear norms and protocols for surfacing
-assumptions and conflicts
Why do people want to join teams?

Individual reasons
Security

Status

Self-esteem

Affiliation

Power

Goal
achieveme
nt
Keys to Managing People
Psychologists and management theorists have devoted much
research and thought to the field of managing people at
work.
Important areas related to project
management include
(1) Motivation,
(2) Influence and power, and
(3) Effectiveness

Motivation
Intrinsic motivation causes people to participate in an
activity for their own enjoyment
eg. read, gardening…

Extrinsic motivation causes people to do something for a

reward or to avoid a penalty
eg. homework
Common types of meeting include:
3.Investigative Meeting, generally when conducting a pre-
interview, exit interview or a meeting among the investigator and
representative

5.Work Meeting, which produces a product or intangible result

such as a decision

7.Staff meeting, typically a meeting between a manager and those

that report to the manager

9.Team meeting, a meeting among colleagues working on various

aspects of a team project

11.Ad-hoc meeting, a meeting called for a special purpose

13.Management meeting, a meeting among managers

7.Board meeting, a meeting of the Board of directors of an
organization

8. One-on-one meeting, between two individuals

9.Off-site meeting, also called "offsite retreat" and known as an

Awayday meeting in the UK

10.Kickoff meeting, the first meeting with the project team and the
client of the project to discuss the role of each team member

11.Pre-Bid Meeting, a meeting of various competitors and or

contractors to visually inspect a jobsite for a future project.
Characteristics of Effective Meetings
3.The seating in the room is arranged so every person can see everyone
else.

2.At the front of the room, equipment is provided to record ideas and
decisions. An easel holding a newsprint flip chart (with felt-tipped markers
for writing) is preferable, so the recorded data can be saved. A white
board (with special felt-tipped markers) or a chalkboard and chalk can be
used, but must be erased after the meeting.

3. An agenda for the meeting is presented, amended, and agreed on.

4. Time estimates are determined for each agenda item.

5.At least once or twice during the meeting, someone asks, "How are we
doing in our process today? How can we be more productive?"
6.During the meeting, someone records the ideas generated and the
decisions made. These data are prepared in handout form afterward and
distributed to all concerned.

7.The meeting notes indicate who has agreed to do what before the next
meeting, and by when.

8.Dates of future meetings (not just the next meeting) are set well in
advance so people can make arrangements to attend.

9.Those in attendance consider whether anyone else should be involved

in the decisions/future meetings and, if so, who.

10.At the end of the meeting, people review and confirm who will be
doing what before the next
Review
Effective teams have common characteristics such as; size range,
purpose, communication, leadership, cohesiveness, identity, diversity, and
cooperation.

Traditional research suggests teams develop in 5-stage process ; forming,

storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. Modern approach indicates
growth occurs at project transition points.

Team development can be facilitated through training, personality

indicators, social styles profiles, and reward systems.

PM’s can utilize people handling strategies from motivation theorists and
other theorists such as; Maslow, Hertzberg, McClelland, McGregor and
Covey …

Other areas of importance include; recruitment, maintenance, and conflict

management of project teams.