Linear Programming

Graphical Method
 Linear Programming
Linear Programming is a sub-field of optimization theory, which is itself a
sub-field of Applied Mathematics. Optimization is all about making things
better; this could mean helping a company make better decisions to maximize
profit; helping a factory make products with less environmental impact; or
helping a zoologist improve the diet of an animal.
When we talk about optimization, we often use terms like better or
improvement. It’s important to remember that words like better can mean
more of something (as in the case of profit) or less of something as in the case
of waste. As we study linear programming, we’ll quantify these terms in a
mathematically precise way. For the time being, let’s agree that when we
optimize something we are trying to make some decisions that will make it
better.
 Linear Programming
The word “Linear” implies direct proportionality of relationship of
variables. “Programming” means making schedules or plans of
activities to undertake. “Linear Programming” therefore is planning by
the use of linear relationship of variables in value (Kolman). The main
purpose is to get the best possible solution to its problem involving
limited resources.
Example
Romans Furniture makes two products: tables and chairs,
which must be processed through assembly and finishing
departments. Assembly department is available for 60
hours in every production period, which the finishing
department is available for 48 hours of work.
Manufacturing one table requires 4 hours in the assembly
and 2 hours in the finishing. Each chair requires 2 hours in
the assembly and 4 hours in the finishing. One table
contributes Php 1800 to profit, while a chair contributes
Php 1000. Determine the number of tables and chairs to
make per production period in order to maximize the
profit.
 Variables
These are the unknowns of the problem.
Romans Furniture makes two products: tables and chairs, which must be processed
through assembly and finishing departments. Assembly department is available for 60
hours in every production period, which the finishing department is available for 48
hours of work. Manufacturing one table requires 4 hours in the assembly and 2 hours
in the finishing. Each chair requires 2 hours in the assembly and 4 hours in the
finishing. One table contributes Php 1800 to profit, while a chair contributes Php 1000.
Determine the number of tables and chairs to make per production period in order to
maximize the profit.
 Variables
These are the unknowns of the problem.
Romans Furniture makes two products: tables and chairs, which must be processed
through assembly and finishing departments. Assembly department is available for 60
hours in every production period, which the finishing department is available for 48
hours of work. Manufacturing one table requires 4 hours in the assembly and 2 hours
in the finishing. Each chair requires 2 hours in the assembly and 4 hours in the
finishing. One table contributes Php 1800 to profit, while a chair contributes Php 1000.
Determine the number of tables and chairs to make per production period in order to
maximize the profit.

Let: x = number of tables

y = number of chairs
 Objective Function
It refers to what needs to be achieved to determine the optimum (best) solution from
among all the feasible values of the variables.
Romans Furniture makes two products: tables and chairs, which must be
processed through assembly and finishing departments. Assembly
department is available for 60 hours in every production period, which the
finishing department is available for 48 hours of work. Manufacturing one
table requires 4 hours in the assembly and 2 hours in the finishing. Each chair
requires 2 hours in the assembly and 4 hours in the finishing. One table
contributes Php 1800 to profit, while a chair contributes Php 1000. Determine
the number of tables and chairs to make per production period in order to
maximize the profit.
 Objective Function
It refers to what needs to be achieved to determine the optimum (best) solution from
among all the feasible values of the variables.
Romans Furniture makes two products: tables and chairs, which must be
processed through assembly and finishing departments. Assembly
department is available for 60 hours in every production period, which the
finishing department is available for 48 hours of work. Manufacturing one
table requires 4 hours in the assembly and 2 hours in the finishing. Each chair
requires 2 hours in the assembly and 4 hours in the finishing. One table
contributes Php 1800 to profit, while a chair contributes Php 1000. Determine
the number of tables and chairs to make per production period in order to
maximize the profit.
 Objective Function
It refers to what needs to be achieved to determine the optimum (best) solution from
among all the feasible values of the variables.
Romans Furniture makes two products: tables and chairs, which must be
processed through assembly and finishing departments. Assembly
department is available for 60 hours in every production period, which the
finishing department is available for 48 hours of work. Manufacturing one
table requires 4 hours in the assembly and 2 hours in the finishing. Each chair
requires 2 hours in the assembly and 4 hours in the finishing. One table
contributes Php 1800 to profit, while a chair contributes Php 1000. Determine
the number of tables and chairs to make per production period in order to
maximize the profit.
Objective Function: maximize z = 1800x + 1000y
 Constraints
These are the limitations of the modeled system.

Romans Furniture makes two products: tables and chairs, which must be
processed through assembly and finishing departments. Assembly
department is available for 60 hours in every production period, which the
finishing department is available for 48 hours of work. Manufacturing one
table requires 4 hours in the assembly and 2 hours in the finishing. Each chair
requires 2 hours in the assembly and 4 hours in the finishing. One table
contributes Php 1800 to profit, while a chair contributes Php 1000. Determine
the number of tables and chairs to make per production period in order to
maximize the profit.
 Constraints
These are the limitations of the modeled system.

Romans Furniture makes two products: tables and chairs, which must be
processed through assembly and finishing departments. Assembly
department is available for 60 hours in every production period, which the
finishing department is available for 48 hours of work. Manufacturing one
table requires 4 hours in the assembly and 2 hours in the finishing. Each chair
requires 2 hours in the assembly and 4 hours in the finishing. One table
contributes Php 1800 to profit, while a chair contributes Php 1000. Determine
the number of tables and chairs to make per production period in order to
maximize the profit.
4x + 2y ≤ 60
 Constraints
These are the limitations of the modeled system.

Romans Furniture makes two products: tables and chairs, which must be
processed through assembly and finishing departments. Assembly
department is available for 60 hours in every production period, which the
finishing department is available for 48 hours of work. Manufacturing one
table requires 4 hours in the assembly and 2 hours in the finishing. Each chair
requires 2 hours in the assembly and 4 hours in the finishing. One table
contributes Php 1800 to profit, while a chair contributes Php 1000. Determine
the number of tables and chairs to make per production period in order to
maximize the profit.
4x + 2y ≤ 60 2x + 4y ≤ 48
 Constraints
Non-negativity restriction: An implicit or understood – to – be constraint
The number of tables and chairs cannot be negative (less than zero).

4x + 2y ≤ 60 x≥0
2x + 4y ≤ 48 y≥0

This means that the solution for the problem is within the first quadrant, origin, and
the positive axes.
 Graphical Solution
Let x = number of tables
y = number of chairs
Objective function:
maximize z = 1800x + 1000y
subject to
4x + 2y ≤ 60 (1)
2x + 4y ≤ 48 (2)
x, y ≥ 0 (3), (4)
 Review on Graphing Linear Inequalities
Using Intercepts
4x + 2y ≤ 60 y
Change 4x + 2y ≤ 60 to 4x + 2y = 60
Solve for the intercepts:
 Let x = 0  Let y = 0
4(0) + 2y = 60 4x + 2(0) = 60
2y = 60 4x = 60

y = 30 x = 15
(0, 30) (15, 0)

x
 Review on Graphing Linear Inequalities
Using Intercepts
4x + 2y ≤ 60 y
Connect the intercepts using a solid line
since the inequality utilizes “=“ .

x
 Review on Graphing Linear Inequalities
Using 2 points
4x + 2y ≤ 60 y
Change 4x + 2y ≤ 60 to 4x + 2y = 60
Since x must not be negative, choose 2
positive values of x:
 Let x = 1  Let x = 2
4(1) + 2y = 60 4(2) + 2y = 60
4 + 2y = 60 8 + 2y = 60
2y = 56 2y = 52

y = 28 y = 26
(1, 28) (2, 26)
x
 Review on Graphing Linear Inequalities
Using Intercepts
4x + 2y ≤ 60 y
Connect the points using a solid line since
the inequality utilizes “=“ .

x
 Review on Graphing Linear Inequalities
Determining the Solution Set (Shaded Region)
4x + 2y ≤ 60 y
Identify a test point above and below the
line or line segment.
Above: (20,15) Below: (0,0)
4(20) + 2(15) ≤ 60 4(0) + 2(0) ≤ 60
80 + 30 ≤ 60 0 + 0 ≤ 60
110 ≤ 60 0 ≤ 60
False True

Hence, the shaded region is below the

line or line segment.
x
 Graphical Solution
Let x = number of tables y
y = number of chairs (1)

Objective function:
maximize z = 1800x + 1000y
subject to
4x + 2y ≤ 60 (1)
2x + 4y ≤ 48 (2)
x, y ≥ 0 (3), (4)

x
 Graphical Solution
Let x = number of tables y
y = number of chairs (1)

Objective function:
maximize z = 1800x + 1000y
subject to
4x + 2y ≤ 60 (1)
2x + 4y ≤ 48 (2)
x, y ≥ 0 (3), (4)

(2)

Solution Space
or Feasible Region x

Let x = number of tables
y = number of chairs
Objective function:
maximize z = 1800x + 1000y
subject to
4x + 2y ≤ 60 (1)
2x + 4y ≤ 48 (2)
x, y ≥ 0 (3), (4)
Graphical Solution
y
If the coordinates of a vertex cannot be
determined explicitly from the graph,
solve using either elimination or
substitution method.
(0, 12)

The solution to the problem is one of

the vertices of the solution space.
Hence, identify their coordinates. (0, 0) (15, 0)
x
 Graphical Solution
4x + 2y ≤ 60 (1) 4x + 2y = 60  
Substitute y = 6 to either eq. 1
2x + 4y ≤ 48 (2) -4x - 8y = - 96 or eq. 2, then solve for x.
  -6y = - 36 4x + 2y = 60
 Transform each inequality to 4x + 2(6) = 60
their corresponding equations. y=6 4x + 12 = 60
4x = 60 – 12
4x + 2y ≤ 60 4x + 2y = 60
4x = 48
2x + 4y ≤ 48 2x + 4y = 48

 To eliminate x, multiply -2 to eq. x = 12 (12,6)

2.
-2 (2x + 4y = 48) - 4x - 8y = - 96
 Graphical Solution
Let x = number of tables y
y = number of chairs
Objective function:
maximize z = 1800x + 1000y
subject to
4x + 2y ≤ 60
2x + 4y ≤ 48
x, y ≥ 0

(0,0), (0,12) (15,0), and (12,6)

are called feasible points.
x
 Finding the Optimum Solution
maximize z = 1800x + 1000y Feasible points: (0,0), (0,12) (15,0), and (12,6)

At (0,0) At (0,12) At (15,0)

z = 1800(0) + 1000(0) z = 1800(0) + 1000(12) z = 1800(15) + 1000(0)
z=0+0 z = 0 + 12000 z = 27000 + 0
z = Php 0 z = Php 12000 z = Php 27000

At (12,6)
z = 1800(12) + 1000(6)
z = 21600 + 6000
z = Php 27600
 Finding the Optimum Solution
maximize z = 1800x + 1000y Feasible points: (0,0), (0,12) (15,0), and (12,6)

At (0,0) At (0,12) At (15,0)

z = 1800(0) + 1000(0) z = 1800(0) + 1000(12) z = 1800(15) + 1000(0)
z=0+0 z = 0 + 12000 z = 27000 + 0
z = Php 0 z = Php 12000 z = Php 27000

At (12,6)
z = 1800(12) + 1000(6) Therefore, Romans Furniture must produce 12 tables and 6
z = 21600 + 6000 chairs to maximize its profit.
z = Php 27600
 Try This!!!
1. A manufacturing company makes two models A and B of a product. Each piece of
Model A requires 9 labor hours for fabricating and 1 labor hour for finishing. Each
piece of Model B requires 12 labor hours for fabricating and 3 labor hours for
finishing. For fabricating and finishing, the maximum labor hours available are
180 and 30 respectively. The company makes a profit of Php 8000 on each piece
of model A and Php 12000 on each piece of model B. How many pieces of Model
A and Model B should be manufactured per week to realize a maximum profit?

(Ans. 12 Model As & 6 Model Bs)

There might be a quiz next session…

 Try This!!!
2. A small generator burns two types of fuel: low sulfur and high sulfur, to produce
electricity. For one hour, each gallon of sulfur emits 3 units of sulfur dioxide,
generates 4 kilowatts of electricity costing Php 1600. Each gallon of high sulfur
emits 5 units of sulfur dioxide, generates 4 kilowatts and costs Php 1500. The
environmental protection agency insists that the maximum amount of sulfur
dioxide that can be emitted per hour is 15 units. Suppose that at least 16
kilowatts must be generated per hour, how many gallons of low sulfur and high
sulfur must be utilized per hour in order to minimize the cost of fuel?

(Ans. 2.5 gallons of low sulfur and 1.5 gallons of high sulfur)