EMBRYOLOGY

The mesoderm is the

intermediate layer of
tissue and ultimately
gives rise to all the
connective tissue in the
body, including bones,
cartilages, muscles, and
blood vessels.
 FEATURES OF ALL
VERTEBRAE
Vertebral body
 Supports weight
 Superior and inferior end
plates (discs of hyaline
cartilage) = epiphyseal rim
 Centrum (POC)

Vertebral arch
 Pedicles
 Laminae
 Vertebral foramen 
vertebral canal
 Vertebral notches  IV
foramina

Seven processes
 Spinous
 Transverse (x2)
 Articular (x4)
 EMBRYOLOGY

The endoderm, an “inner

skin,” is the deepest of
the three layers and
gives rise to the
epithelial lining of the
entire respiratory and
digestive tract, except
that of the oropharynx.
CERVICAL
VERTEBRAE
Transverse process
 Foramen transversarium /
transverse foramin (C1 – C6 =
vertebral artery)
 Anterior and posterior tubercle

Body
 Uncus (uncinate process)

Spinous processes – bifid

(C3-C6)
C7 – vertebra prominens