INTRODUCTION TO OCCUPATIONAL

SAFETY AND HEALTH

CONTACT: 0242264412, 0556331996

 RANGE OF ISSUES

• Terms and abbreviations

• Types, groups and classification of accidents
• Causes of accidents
• Safety management system (SMS) Basics
• Incident reporting & investigation
• Generic incident reporting procedure
• Hazards, Risk and their classifications
• General principles for hazard control
 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

HEALTH: The general condition of a person in all aspects.

It refers to both physical and mental well being. It includes
physical injuries and medical ailments.

SAFETY: Freedom from risk, danger, injury, damage

or accidental losses. The state of being “safe”; the condition of
being protected against physical, social, spiritual, financial,
political, emotional, occupational, psychological, educational or
other or consequences of failure, damage, error, harm
[accidents] or any other event which could be considered non-
desirable.
 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

INCIDENT: An unplanned event that can result in

accident or near-miss. Any unplanned or undesired event that
could result or resulted in harm (injury) to persons, damage to
property and/or loss to process or environment.

ACCIDENT: Any unplanned or undesired event which

resulted in harm (injury) to persons, damage to property
and/or loss to process or environment.
 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

NEAR-MISS/CLOSE SHAVE: Any unplanned or undesired event

which under slightly different condition could have resulted into
injury, damage to property, or loss to environment/process.

INCIDENT

ACCIDENT NEAR-MISS
(Injury/Damage/Process/Env’t) (No Injury/Damage/Process/Env’t)
 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

HAZARDS: Any unsafe act or condition that can cause harm to

People, damage to property or environmental losses.

RISK: The likelihood or potential of a “Hazard” occurring.

RISK ASSESSMENT: This refers to identification of hazard,

analysing/evaluating the risk involve and determining effective
and safer ways to control/eliminate it.
 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

INDUCTION: The action of introducing a person

[worker] into a new environment before commencement of
work.

In the mines, refresher Induction is also required and conducted

for all employees returning from annual leave
 TYPES, GROUPS AND CLASSIFICATION OF
ACCIDENTS
4 Main Types:
• Physical Hazards
• Biological Hazards
• Chemical Hazards
• Psychosocial Hazards
 TYPES, GROUPS AND CLASSIFICATION OF
ACCIDENTS
Hazards can be grouped into the following:
• Visible hazards
• Hidden hazards
• Developing hazards
 TYPES, GROUPS AND CLASSIFICATION OF
ACCIDENTS
Classes of Hazards:
• A – Fatality/Major Damage
• B – Serious Injury/Moderate Damage
• C – Minor Injury/ Minor Damage
 CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS

• IMMEDIATE CAUSES: Unsafe Acts and Unsafe Conditions

• BASIC CAUSES: Personal Factors or Job/ System Factors
• NATURAL CAUSES

THIS CAN BE SIMPLIFIED FURTHER AS

• UNSAFE ACTS
• UNSAFE CONDITIONS and
• CHANCE OCCURANCES
 CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS
 IMMEDIATE CAUSE: Unsafe Condition:
All situation that facilitate the occurrence of accident. It constitute
environmental factors. This accounts for about 10 of all accidents on mine
sites.
Examples…
Inadequate or improper PPE
Defective tools and equipment's
Inadequate warning systems
Poor housekeeping
Hazardous environment
Temperature extremes
Noise exposure
Inadequate illumination
Inadequate ventilation
 CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS
 IMMEDIATE CAUSES: Unsafe Act:
All behavioural oriented actions or inactions that can result into accident.
This accounts for about 88 of all accidents that occur on most mine sites.
Unsafe acts could be ACTIVE or PASSIVE.
EXAMPLES…
Failure to use PPE properly
Operating equipment without authority
Operating at improper speed
Failure to secure
Failure to warm
Failure to follow procedure
Failure to check / monitor
Failure to react/ correct
Under the influence of alcohol
Improper placement
etc
 CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS
• BASIC CAUSES: These are the deeper, more fundamental causes, which allow
immediate causes to exit. They can be PERSONAL FACTORS: They are those factors
which are directly reflected in the person. They explain why a person(s) committed an
unsafe act.
Examples
• Inadequate physical/ physiological capability
• Inadequate mental/ psychological capability
• Physical or physiological stress
• Mental or psychological stress
• Lack of knowledge
• Lack of skill
• Improper motivation
• Abuse or misuse
 CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS
BASIC CAUSES can also be Job / System Factors: They are those factors
which are reflected in the organization’s working processes.

Example
• Inadequate supervision
• Inadequate engineering
• Inadequate purchasing
• Inadequate maintenance
• Inadequate tools and equipment
• Inadequate work standard
• Excessive wear and tear
• Inadequate communication
 CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS
• NATURAL OCCURRENCES: The act of God

Examples
• Heavy rainfall
• Dew / fog
• Wind
• Volcano
• Earth quake
• Thunder and Lightening
 CONSEQUENCIES OF ACCIDENTS
Below are some pictures of accidents in the mine
 CONSEQUENCIES OF ACCIDENTS
Below are some pictures of accidents in the mine
 CONSEQUENCIES OF ACCIDENTS
Some pictures of accidents in
the mine
 CONSEQUENCIES OF ACCIDENTS

• SEVERE LACERATION
• PARTIAL AMPUTATION
• FULL AMPUTATION

Minor, short term full recovery

or
Major, permanent damage?
CONSEQUENCIES OF ACCIDENTS

FIRE BURNS CHEMICAL BURNS

ROPE BURNS
CONSEQUENCIES OF ACCIDENTS
CONSEQUENCIES OF ACCIDENTS
 FIVE AREAS OR SOURCES OF ACCIDENTS

Accidents in organizations can emanate from the

following areas:
• Materials
• Environment
• System
• Process
• People
 SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (SMS) BASICS

• A system is an orderly arranged interdependent activities and

related procedures which is implemented to facilitate the
performance of a major activity in organizations.
• All organizational systems are composed of four main
components:
• Structure
• Inputs
• Processes
• Output
 SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (SMS) BASICS

• If a company does not have adequate structure, system and

processes the output will not be those desired.
 STRUCTURE OF SMS
Safety
Manager

Safety
Engineer HR
Coordinator

Safety
Committees
 HEALTH AND SAFETY PROGRAMS
RESPONSIBILITIES
SAFETY MANAGER: PROGRAMS SAFETY ENGINEER: PROGRAMS
•Safety Training Programs •Lockout/Tagout
•Incident/Accident Analysis Programs •Electrical safety
•Job Hazards Analysis/JSA •Walking-working Surfaces
•Machine Guarding

HR COORDINATOR: PROGRAMS SAFETY COMMITTEE: PROGRAMS

•Employee Assistance program (EAP) •Incident/Accident Analysis Program
•Drugfree workplace •Accountability system
•Early Return to work (ERW)-Light duty •Safety inspection program
•Workplace violence prevention
•Incentives and recognition programs
•New employee orientation
 Health and Safety Duties and
Responsibilities of

•Management
Supervisors
•Safety Officers
•Medical/ Emergency Response Person
•Safety Rep
•Employees
 Duties and Responsibilities of Management
The safety manager has overall responsibility for the SMS but
primarily focuses on the physical safety and health of
employees through the use of administrative controls to limit
exposure to hazards.

•Develop and communicate policy

•Put policy into practice
•Appoint competent persons for sectors
•Develop programs
•Track compliance
•Provide resources, etc
Duties and Responsibilities of Supervisors
• Reinforce health and safety programs
• Set leadership examples for subordinates
• Inspect the work area and audit for compliance
• Help investigate cases and incidents
• Provide and promote PPEs uses
• Give proper job instructions
• Coordinate all activities (health, safety, production, welfare)
for crew members
Duties and Responsibilities of Safety Officers
• Assist management to draw up the policy
• Coordinate health and safety programmes
• Inspect and audit the system for compliance
• Review recommendations
• Inspect and correct systems
• Investigate accidents and help write recommendations
• Help in training employees, etc
Duties and Responsibilities of Medical/ Emergency Response Person
• Manage all emergency equipments on site
• See to the health wellbeing of employees
• Pre-diagnose employees before going to clinic
• Treat minor sicknesses on site
• Attend to all emergency situations
• Train employees as required
• Ensure compliance, etc
 Duties and Responsibilities of a Safety Rep
• Assist safety officer to conduct investigations
• Assist safety officer to conduct inspections
• Conduct daily inspections at work place and report findings
• Coordinate between crew members and the safety department
• Help reinforce safety practices
• Ensure provision and usage of PPEs
• Attend first to any safety concerns of crew members
Duties and Responsibilities of the employees
•Ensure adherence to policy
•Ensure proper usage and maintenance of PPEs
•Ensures health and safety of him/ her self
•Ensures health and safety of co-workers
•Report hazards for correction
•Assist Supervisors and Safety Dept as required, etc
INCIDENT REPORTING AND
INVESTIGATION
 INCIDENT REPORTING AND INVESTIGATION
All incidents must be reported to the supervisor and the safety
department for investigation in accordance with company
requirements, even if there are no injuries or damage.
BASIC PURPOSES:
• To identify the basic underlying factors and facts
• To establish and initiate corrective measures to prevent recurrence
• For documentation: thus future reference
• To identify employees need
NOTE:
‘’Incident Investigation is never about apportioning blame’’.
Employees are not supposed to leave the mine site without reporting
any safety issue to their supervisors.
REASONS WHY EMPLOYEES FEEL RELUCTANT TO
REPORT INCIDENTS

Fear of being
blamed.

Not understanding the

significance of the incident.

Fear about their

name being
reported.

Not wanting to lose

time on the job.
Fear of the Supervisor’s Peer pressure from
negative reaction. work mate not to
report.
 GENERIC INCIDENTS REPORTING PROCEDURE
• Incident must be reported to the safety department
within 12hrs of its occurrence
• The incident scene shall not be tempered with.
• The victim (s) and all witnesses to the incident shall
write a statement and submit to their supervisor
• The incident INVESTIGATION FORM is filled by the
supervisor and submitted to the HS department within
48hrs after the incident
NB: Failure to report incident for it to be investigated, or
tempering with incident scene is tantamount to dismissal.
WORK PERMITS
 WORK PERMITS
Due to the hazardous nature of mining work, special
work Permit is required for certain special works.

WORK PERMIT: A document usually signed by the HOD/or

delegated person before and after a special/hazardous task is
undertaken.
A copy of SOP/JSA for that particular job is attached to the
permit.

Copies of work permits must be submitted to the safety

office.
 WORK PERMITS
Works that require Work Permit are:
• Excavation/Digging
• Hot work
• Confined space
• Working at height
• High Voltage
 SAFETY SIGNS AND SYMBOLS
Symbolic safety signs are important safety communication tools
and are displayed throughout the mine site.
THE PURPOSE:
– To warn and alert workers
– To show direction
– To send information to workers
SAFETY SIGNS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO:
– Mandatory signs
– Prohibitory signs
– Safe condition signs
– Fire/cautionary signs
– Warning/hazard signs
– Information signs
SAFETY SIGNS AND SYMBOLS
 LOCKOUT/ TAG OUT SYSTEM
DEFINITION:
LOCKOUT: The process of installing a lockout device at a
power/energy source so that an equipment powered by that source
cannot be operated.
TAGOUT: Placing a tag on the power source of a mobile equipment to
caution or warn others of its present state/condition.
TYPES OF TAGS:
Out of Service Tag - Yellow and White
Personal Danger Tag – Red and White
(The personal Danger Tag is designed to give YOU personal protection)
 LOCKOUT/ TAG OUT SYSTEM
LOTO RULE: Equipment/Process must be de-energized and
locks/tags applied to the energy-isolation device(s) before work
begins.

Under NO circumstances are you to move or attempt to operate

an equipment with Lockout/Tagout in place. A person’s life may
be at risk
 LOCKOUT/TAGOUT
Lockout Devices and Tags
RESULT OF NOT LOCKING OUT
SPECIFIC MINE SITE SAFETY ACTIVITIES

Imperial College of Mines and Safety-ICMS

 FIRE SAFETY
THE MAIN AIMS OF FIRE SAFETY ARE TO:
• Detect fire
• Prevent fire
• Fight fire

FIRE:
Fuel and oxygen reacting together, giving off heat and/or light.

Wood, paper,
kerosene, petrol,
EN

diesel etc
FU
YG

E
OX

These three elements – fuel, heat, oxygen- must

HEAT
be present in their rightful quantities
simultaneously for fire to occur
Friction
 FIRE SAFETY
CAUSES OF FIRE: EFFECTS OF FIRE:
• Burns
• Arson
• Environmental pollution
• Electrical faults • Damage
• Poor housekeeping • Heat
• Smoking • Death
• Carelessness

ALL OF THE ABOVE CAN HAVE A NEGATIVE IMPACT

ON THE MINE.
 FIRE SAFETY
CLASSES OF FIRE:
Fire is grouped into classes so as to identify the most effective type of
extinguishing agent and efficient means of fighting the fire when it
occurs.

CLASSES OF FIRE
Class A – Combustible/flammable solids
Class B – Flammable liquids & gases
Class C – Energized electrical equipment (Electricity creates the heat
which may/not result into fire)
Class D – Metals substance fires
 FIRE SAFETY
Types of Portable Fire Extinguisher:

Effective
Effective Effective Effective
on Class A
on class C on class B on class A
fires
fires fires and B fires
 FIRE SAFETY
KNOW YOUR PORTABLE FIRE
EXTINGUISHER

The metal safety pin prevents the operating lever from closing
accidentally.
 FIRE SAFETY
In the Event of fire :
• Remain calm and raise an alarm. Notify your boss and the safety
office
• Evacuate all persons to the nearest assembly point.
• If the fire is small, use appropriate fire extinguisher to extinguish
fire. DO NOT ENDANGER YOURSELF
• Pull safety pin, direct nozzle to base of fire
and sweep from side to side.
• Get close to the fire but not closer than
10 ft ( 3m )
• Always ensure a clear line of retreat behind
you.
 FIRE SAFETY AS CAPTURED IN
THE GHANA DRAFT MINING REGULATIONS SUNDIVISION 1.2

1. FIRE FIGHTING PREPAREDNESS

• A suitable number of workers at each mine, quarry,
works or associated plant shall be trained in fire
fighting procedures and,
• (a)the names of such workers shall be posted in a
conspicuous place;
• (b) such workers shall be tested for proficiency at
least once a year; and
• (c)a written report of the results of the tests shall be
made and kept on file.
Imperial College of Mines and Safety-ICMS
 FIRE SAFETY AS CAPTURED IN
THE GHANA DRAFT MINING REGULATIONS SUNDIVISION 1.2

2. FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT

(1)Fire extinguishing equipment of a suitable type and size
shall be provided in all mines, quarries, works or associated
plants.
(2)Surface mines and underground mines with large surface
facilities at more than one place shall have a fire truck.
(3)All surface installations and processing plants shall have
an independent fire fighting water pipeline, equipped with
fire hydrants, hoses and accessories. The pipeline shall have
two independent pumps.
 FIRE SAFETY AS CAPTURED IN
THE GHANA DRAFT MINING REGULATIONS SUNDIVISION 1.2

FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT

(4)The manager shall provide appropriate fire fighting
equipment in all fire prone areas underground.
(5)A fire fighting water pond or tank with a capacity of not less
than 150 m³ shall be available at any time.
(6)Special fire fighting equipment shall be provided for
electrical equipment.
(7)At least once each month, the fire extinguishing equipment,
fire suppression systems and fire hydrants at the mine, quarry,
works or associated plant shall be inspected by a competent
person who shall report thereon to the Manager.
 CHEMICAL SAFETY
• MSDS
• Identify Type of
Hazardous
Substance
• Components of
Hazardous substance
• Safe Handling
method (PPE)
• Safe Storage Method
• Safe
Treatment/Disposal
Method
FIRST AID
 FIRST AID
FIRST AID:
Immediate attention given to an injured person or someone
who has suddenly fallen ill with the aim of:
• Preventing the prevailing condition from getting worse
• Promoting recovery
• Preserving life
 FIRST AID
FIRST AID:
Before administering First Aid in an accident scene or emergency
situation check for danger to:

1.Yourself 2. Casualty 3. By- standers

Only certified First Aiders are qualified to administer first aid on Site
• Breathing difficulties
• Severe bleeding
• Severe shock
• Life Threatening

Imperial College of Mines and Safety-ICMS

 First Aid
Incident management casualty management
A- asses for danger D- danger A- alert
V- voice
M- make the area safe R- response P- pain
U- unresponsive
E- emergency aid A- airway
YES- recovery position
G- get help B- breathing
NO- CPR
A- aftermath C- circulation
30 to 2

Partially Blocked open

Airway Recovery position CPR

HOW TO DESIGN POLICIES AND USE SAFETY
TEMPLATES AND FORMS

Imperial College of Mines and Safety-ICMS

 SAFETY POLICY
• Should capture a brief statement about the health and safety
commitment of top management and what the policy intends
to achieve.
• It should clearly state management’s responsibility
• It should clearly state employees responsibility
• It should state what management intends to do to achieve
and sustain Health & Safety excellence in the company.
• The policy should be signed my the MD
• It should be dated.(Date reviewed should be noted and next
review date should also be indicated)
 PRE START SAFETY MEETING
TEMPLATE/FORM
• Company’s Name at the top of the form
• Name of the template or form
• Topic discusses:……………
• Date:……………………………
• Location:……………………..
• Start Time. ………………….
• End Time ……………………
• Important issues raised in the meeting
• Names of participants
 HAZARD NEAR MISS REPORT
TEMPLATE/FORM
• Date………………………...
• Time………………………..
• Reported by…………………..
• Hazard/Near Miss Location……………………..
• Description of Hazard/Near Miss:……………………….
• Report to Supervisor:……………….
• Date completed:………………………
• Indicate where the completed report should be sent. I.e. (To
the Safety Depart)
• Indicate if a Feedback has been sent to the
originator/employees. Example. A tick of YES or NO
ACCIDENT STATEMENT TEMPLATE/FORM
• STATEMENT FROM: AGE:
• EMPLOYEES NUMBER: TIME:
• EMPLOYEES POSITION: DATE:

• GENDER: WRITE THE

STATEMENT
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
• SIGNATURE:……………........ DATE:…………………………
 ACCIDENT ANALYSIS/INVESTIGATION
TEMPLATE/FORM
• TYPE OF MISHAP. Example: Injury, property damage/los to
process, incident
• LOCATION OF MISHAP:
• DATE OF MISHAP:
• TIME:
• NAME OF INJURED:
• ID NUMBER:
• DESCRIBE INJURY:
• DESCRIBE LOSS or DESCRIBE POTENTIAL LOSS: Describe how the
mishap occurred, what the person was doing, trying to do and
anything unusual.
• INDICATE THE IMMEDIATE OR DIRECT CAUSES OF THE MISHAP
 ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION TEMPLATE/FORM

• DESCRIBE POTENTIAL LOSS IF NOTHING IS DONE TO PRVENT RE-

OCCURENCE
• INDICATE THE BASIC/UNDERLYING CAUSES
• INDICATE CONTROLS
• INDICATE ACTION TAKEN (What action has already been taken to
prevent similar occurrences?)
• INDICATE ACTION TO BE TAKEN: (Responsible person, Date to be
completed, Date completed)
• INVESTIGATION TEAM MEMBERS
• DATE OF INVESTIGATION
• REVIEW: provide space for names, date, title, signature of
persons to carry out review)
 BBS OBSERVATION TEMPLATE/FORM

• DATE :…………………………..
• DURATION :…………………….
• OBSERVER :……………………
• EMPLOYEE(s):……………….
• Use a  mark to indicate each safe behaviour, and a  mark to record each at-risk
behaviour in the space provided. Briefly describe the At-Risk Behaviours observed
and Safe Behaviours of note on the comments page
• Observation: What task was the crew performing during the
observation?
• What did you observe that the crew did well?
• What did you observe that the crew needs to improve upon?
• Whiles observing have you identified any hazard?
• Employees Signature:……………………
 EQUIPMENT/PLANT CHECKLIST
TEMPLATE/FORM
• DATE:
• EQUIPMENT NAME:
• Item Task Status Comment/Action Taken

• INSPECTED BY:…………………
• SIGNATURE:……………………..
 INCIDENT REPORT TEMPLATE/FORM
• Briefly state the incident
• Indicate the incident type(Injury, property damage, hazard,
near miss, transport, motor vehicle)
• Incident date
• Incident time
• Location
• Date reported to supervisor
• Incident Description
• Employee Information
• Injuries / Illness information
• Equipment information
• Witnesses
• Employees Signature and Date
 JSA TEMPLATE/FORM
DATE
JOB (SCOPE)

Risk Risk
Step Rating Rating
Sequence of Basic Job Steps Potential EHS hazards & Impacts Procedure or Action Required
No. Before After
Action Action
 RECAP:
Occupational Health and Safety In the Mine
Pictorial Presentation of what we do in the mine
to safeguard employee health and safety
 SOME ASPECTS OF HEALTH AND SAFETY IN THE MINE

Notices and first aid box Buggy Whip for Vehicles Signages
Pre Shift Information

First Aid and Emergency Emergency Assembly

For visitors and workers Signages
Center / Security Offices Point
 SOME ASPECTS OF HEALTH AND SAFETY IN THE MINE

Security help in
checking access Lighting Plant Speed Gun / monitoring device Written signages
permit

Adequate Lighting at
night for Workshop
crew and water
Digital Alcohol Detector Traffic control signage Emergency Eye Wash
suppression truck
 SOME ASPECTS OF HEALTH AND SAFETY IN THE MINE

Accident that occurred due to Fire extinguisher mounted on rig, and Basic fire fighting Workers on the field
unsafe act all mobile equipments training being interacted with

• mmm

Night workers being checked on to Working out at the gym

AED mounted at vantage Procedures, signages, fire ext, after work
points to save life spillage kits at fuel farm ensure compliance
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME

Imperial College of Mines and Safety-ICMS