Empowerment 1

of Woman in the Society

Literature Review
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Outlines

Definition

Goal

Background

Dimensions of Woman Empowerment

Research Findings from literature Review

Conclusion& Recommendation
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Woman Empowerment

Empowerment is a process that creates power in individual over

their own lives, society and in their communities to reach their
potential, such empowerment is spiritual ,social, political or
economical

Woman empowerment includes the actions of raising self-

awareness through education, and training, equipping and
allowing them to make life-determining decision-making in all
disciplines in the society to improve their lives
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Goal

To Explore how different

organizations worked toward To measure their influence and
achieving women empowerment consequences toward the society
through education, economic social
,and political dimensions
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Background
 Globally women encounter inequity
discrimination, violations of rights and well-being,
harmful cultural practices, violence and
stigmatization. Likewise, many studies address
women at work, and the way gender imbalances
within the workplace continue to be a vital
component (Muberekwa & Nkomo,2016)

 Women are the cornerstone of the society but they

have less authority and society cannot develop
without their contributions. For the welfare of
society, their condition should be improved
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Dimensions of Woman Empowerment

Social

Educational Economical

Political
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Social Empowerment Dimension
with Evidence from Literature

Achieved by Prohibited by
 Autonomy
 Cultural practices
 Self-confidence
 Traditions
 Actions to make a change in social relations
(Allahbadi 2011& Barghi & Ghanbari 2014) Gender discrimination:
 Equal Opportunities ,NO inequity and  lead to little access to resources
discrimination, respected value in the society  Increase poverty
(Gionannini, 2012)
 Slow economical growth
 High income costs
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Social Empowerment Dimension
with Evidence from Literature Cont’d.

The United Nation’s Millennium Development Goal (2016) report stipulates

that women encounter inequality and discrimination to access education,
employment opportunities, and political scheme within the Arab world
countries

Thomson (2015) emphasized that Saudi Arabia underwent spectacular

changes throughout the past few years and women and women were able to
carry on more public sphere’s responsibility and occupy higher positions in
the organizations.

Ahmadi (2011), argues that despite the expansion in the role of Saudi
women in society, the participation of women in the labor segment
continues to be the lowest in the world
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Economic Empowerment Dimension
with Evidence from Literature
 Saudi women make up almost 50% of the population, however, their contribution to the
economic activity is far below its potential

 Women economic participation would increase domestic economic activity, empower

competition and enhance cultural and civic development (Batool. A, Batool. S,2018)

 Patel, Dhere, Pawar; (2009), indicated that women constitute half of the world’s population
perform nearly two-thirds of its work hours, receive one-tenth of world financial gain &
own less than one hundredth of the world property since women carry a disproportionately
larger burden of work than men
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Economic Empowerment Dimension
with Evidence from Literature Cont’d.

 In Ethiopia due to gender based

discrimination, the economic opportunities and
participation of Ethiopian women are still low
due to male dominant society
 Involvement of women in economic activities
results in faster elimination of poverty and
reduction of inequality
 Participation of women in the economy is
considered a vital tool for resilient and
sustainable economic growth (Zuma, 2015)
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Political Empowerment Dimension
with Evidence from Literature

 Kalita (2018) identifies that political participation is imperative to

women’s empowerment in achieving gender equality and justice
 According to a research study (Samarakoon & Parindurib, 2015), Indian
women have been widely underrepresented in political positions
 Argentina women hold a high political place, that visibility enhances
economic integration, subsequently economic measures need to have civic
changes which make women more visible in leadership positions and them
to engage in reforming the society(Samarakoon & Parindurib, 2015)
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Women
Empowerment in
Politics
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Education Empowerment Dimension
with Evidence from Literature

 Empowering women in education are correlated

with a range of positive outcomes, including
greater economic growth and children’s health
and survival
 Duflo (2012) concurs that education promotes
women’s well-being, prosperity and outcomes
that depend on access to information and
services
Education endows women with knowledge, skills
and resources to make life choices that improve
their welfare and develop their cognitive behavior
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Education Empowerment Dimension
with Evidence from Literature Cont’d.

 Inadequate access to education has excluded

women from jobs requiring different skills and
qualifications, and for the effective and
sustainable economic growth of any country,
equal participation of both sexes is crucial
(Tigist, 2011)
Empowered Women Leaders
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Conclusion: Literature Findings

Empowering women has many benefits, for themselves, for their children to be healthier, and for economic
growth and development, the followings are the finding from the literature review:
 Gender equality and women’s empowerment are two sides of the same coin
 Different countries have higher woman empowerment in certain dimensions and lower in another
dimensions, but women empowerment still considered to be low worldwide
 Women get less income than men compared to their hard work
 Women have lack decision-making for their life choices
 Women have lack of have access to all resources
 Women have low visibility and participation in all sectors , despite the government’s effort to empower them
 Supportive systems and policies are needed for women that can remove social cultural and professional
constraints to succeed and to fulfill their rights and foster greater opportunities
 Few researches were done in education and economy and employment empowerment
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Recommendation

 Further research studies are needed for women

empowerment in education, economy and
employment in comparable measures and their
effect at national and international level ,since
more women are needed in these fields to have
equality, self-determination and to bridge the
gender disparity gap for sustainable development
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References

Allahdadi F. (2011), Women’s Empowerment for Rural Development. Journal of American Science.7:40-2.
Al-Ahmadi, H. (2011), “Challenges facing women leaders in Saudi Arabia”, Human Resource Development International, Vol. 14 No. 2, pp. 149-166.
Barghi H, Ghanbari Y. (2014) A Review and Survey on Components of Empowering the Rural Women and Explanation of Their Effective Factors: A Case Study of
Isfahan County. Village and Development.;17:37-53.
Batool, S. A., & Batool, S. S. (2018). Role of Contextual Factors in Women’s Empowerment. Journal of Arts & Social Sciences, 5(1), 49–67. Retrieved from
http://search.ebscohost.com.sdl.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asn&AN=134342539&site=eds-live.( Accessed on May 20, 2019)
Christine Bigler, Michèle Amacker, Chantal Ingabire, Eliud Birachi. (2019). A view of the transformation of Rwanda's highland through the lens of gender: A mixed-
method study about unequal dependents on a mountain system and their well-being. Journal of Rural Studies 69, 145-155.
Duflo, Esther. (2012). "Women Empowerment and Economic Development." Journal of Economic Literature, 50 (4): 1051-79. Retrieved from
http://doi:10.1257/jel.50.4.1051.Accessed (Accessed on June 14, 2019).
Environmental Protection Authority, (2012). Environmental Protection Authority: United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20), National Report of
Ethiopia. Retrieved from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/973ethiopia.pdf ( Accessed on June 08,2019)
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Giovannini, M. (2012). Social enterprises for development as buen vivir. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 6(3), 284-299.
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References
Muberekwa, E., & Nkomo, T. (2016). Exploring the Perceptions of Wits Academic Women About Women Empowerment and the Changing Roles of Women in 21st-Century South Africa.
Retrieved from. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244016675014.(Accessed on June 12, 2019).

Martin, M. B. (2015). Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women in Arab Countries: A Transcultural Caring Perspective. International Journal for Human Caring, 19(1), 13–18. Retrieved
from http://search.ebscohost.com.sdl.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rzh&AN=109802994&site=eds-live0000. (Accessed on June 20,2019).

Najia Saqib, Priyanka Aggarwal, & Ms. Saima Rashid, (2016). Women Empowerment and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Saudi Arabia. Advances in Management and Applied
Economics,(5)Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=edsrep&AN=edsrep.a.spt.admaec.v6y2016i5f6.5.5&site=edslivehttps://ideas.repec.org/a/spt/admaec/v6y2016i5f655.html. (Accessed on June 21, 2019)

Rahman, Aminur, (2013). "Women's Empowerment: Concept and Beyond" (PDF). Global Journal of Human Social Science Sociology & Culture. 13 (6): 9. (Accessed June 15, 2019).

Shanika Samarakoona and Rasyad A. Parindurib. (2015). Does Education Empower Women? Evidence from Indonesia” World Development Vol. 66, pp. 428–442, 2015, Retrieved from
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.09.002 (Accessed on June 15, 2019).

The World Bank, (2009). Gender Equality as Smart Economics. Washington, DC: The World Bank. Retrieved from www.worldbank.org/gender. (Accessed on June 17, 2019).

Tigist, Zeleke, (2011). The Political Participation of Women in Ethiopia: Challenges and Prospects. Women Lawyers Association, Addis Ababa.UN

Thompson, M.C. (2015), “Saudi women leaders: challenges and opportunities”, Journal of Arabian Studies, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 15-36.

United Nations (2016). Sustainable Development Goals. 17 Goals to Transform the World. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/sustainable.development/gender/empowerment (Accessed on June 15,
2019).

Zuma, J.G. (2015). The Status of Women in the South African Economy. Department: Women. Retrieved from http://www.gov.za/sites/www.gov.za/files/Status_of_women.(Accessed on June 22,
2019).
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