AGRICULTURE

NO ONE MIND YOUR OWN BUSINESS.

 wheat
In most countries wheat is a staple food a food we eat everyday. The two main types of wheat are vulgare ,
(sharbati ) ,used for bread flour ,and durum flour , used for semolina suji and pasta sewain flour .
Wheat is a crop that require flat or gently sloping land in temperate climates. it needs plenty of water while it is
growing and sunshine while it is ripening . It can grow in many types of soil but does best in a well-drained
clay/loam that has plenty of humus.
Wheat is Pakistan's main crop, followed by sugar cane, cotton ,maize ,and rice .These four crops make up more
than 75% of the value of Pakistan's crops. But Pakistan produces many other food and non food crops.
The climates of most parts of Pakistan allow winter (Kharif) harvesting of some crops and summer (rabi )
harvesting of others. The dates of planting and harvesting depend on the climate and whether the land is
on hills, plateaus or ,or plains .
Some of the Kharif crops are rice, sugar cane ,cotton ,maize , and millet .
Planting starts in February for sugar cane, March to May for cotton ,June to July for rice ,and July and August for
maize . Harvesting crops start in September and continues up to December ,but sugar cane harvesting can
continue to March or even later .
Rabi crops include wheat ,barely, peas , gram and mustard .Rabi crops are sown from October to December
and are harvested during March and April ,but this depends on the climate and when the moon soon ends,
so it could begin in September and continue in April.
Pakistan's other crops include oilseed rape ,sun flower (for oil) , to tobacco , canola , potatoes , onions , pulses
such as mash and masoor , and chillies.
Pakistan’s other wheat –growing areas are the parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa that have irrigation canals ,parts
of the Potohar Plateau where there is enough rain , and flat land of the plateaus and valley of
Balochistan. Pakistan was ranked 8th for wheat production in 2015,but it is much smaller than many of
the other countries, so it produces more wheat per hectare than many countries. Wheat is grown in every
province of Pakistan .Punjab and Sindh are the main growers, because they have the most suitable climate
and land . Their plain have rich soil brought by the Indus and other rivers. They do not have enough rain ,
but they have one of the world's largest linked- up irrigation systems.
 Cotton
• Cotton needs plenty of sunshine and moderate rainfall (usually around 250 to 1200 mm per year),
or irrigation. This pant grows best in alluvial soil ( soil deposited by rivers ) . It can grow in places
that have some salt in the soil and can survive short droughts ,so it can be grown in arid and semi
arid areas . The places that grow the most cotton are Tropical and sub tropical regions Cotton also
grow in colder places.
• one of the countries is Pakistan where cotton is the main cash crop .A cash crop is grown for sale
for profit and not for the farmers own use .Cotton has been grown in Pakistan since ancient times
for making cloths and trading.
Southern Punjab and central Sindh are Pakistan's main cotton growing areas. There is not enough
rainfall , but their arid climate protect the plants from attack by microbes that cause disease , and
pests that damage them. Irrigation provides enough water to make up for the low rain fall . The
hot summer weather (32 Celsius average in June) is just right for the growing season.
A USEFUL PLANT
Cotton plant main part is lint (fiber) , used in making cotton textiles . The short fluff on the seed is
used for making cushion fillings ,paper, plastic , and many other products. Cotton seed oil can be
purified for making food such a Margarine, and salad oil .The meal that is left after the oil is
removed is not wasted ; it is used for making soap and floor covering .Even the stalks and leaves are
used , as farmers plough them in the soil as humus
 RICE
Rice is a traditional Asian crop: 90% of the world's rice is grown and eaten in Asia. It is the staple
food for 50% of the world's population and the main food for 75% of the world's poor people.        
                     Rice is a tropical plant that grows best on flat land or terraced valley sides. It needs
temperatures no lower than 21 Celsius during the growing season, and an annual rainfall of at least
1000-1200 mm.
Rice is an important food in Africa, and some African countries grow enough, or almost enough rice
to satisfy their own needs without having to import any for example: the Democratic Republic of
Congo,Egypt,Burundi,and Cameroon.
Rice is even grown in Europe. This is a short grained rice, used in puddings and for making
risotto.ltaly is one of the world's leading exporters of this type of rice.
Rice is the second most important cereal crop for
Pakistan.Pakistan ranks 4th in world production of rice; basmati rice from Pakistan is sold in many
parts of the world because of its flavour and quality. Most of Pakistan's rice is grown in the north-
eastern regions because they have more rain than the rest of the country. But even here the plants
need irrigation to provide enough slow-flowing water in the growing season. When the plants
mature they need less water, and while they are ripening, the field needs to be almost dry to make
harvesting easy.
DIFFERENT METHODS OF FARMING
Farming can be subsistence and commercial. Subsistence farms are
small, produce just enough for a family to live on and sell any
produce that is not needed. Commercial farms are much larger and
make a profit. Commercial farms usually have one main crop or
type of livestock. Subsistence farms grow small crops of different
plants and rear small numbers of different animals. Farming can be
manual or mechanized. Manual farming is still used on some
smaller farms where the farmers cannot afford machinery. They
plough fields with a plough pulled by animals, harvest crops using
sickles, and gather them by hand. But more and more farmers now
use tractors and combine harvesters. If they cannot afford to buy
these, they hire them when needed. These machines are large and
therefore can only be used on large farms. Most landholdings in
Pakistan are small.
 TYPES OF AGRICULTURE
• ARABLE
• LIVESTOCK
• FISHING
• FORESTRY
• POULTRY
• Sugar cane is Pakistan's second most important cash crop. Sugar cane is a tropical
plant that can survive short periods of frost. It needs plenty of water in the growing
season, and soil that is rich in nutrients. It is grown all over Punjab and Sindh, a small
area in KPK that has rich alluvial soil and good irrigation, and a little is grown in
Balochistan.

A USEFUL PLANT
Sugar cane is used mainly for making white sugar and fur, as well as products such as
alcohol for the pharmaceutical industry, and press mud, used in organic fertilizers for
crops and in animal feed.
Bagasse is a very useful waste product from sugarcane. Bagasse is fibre from the
cane. It is used in making paper and chipboard. Bagasse can also be used as biomass
( a fuel from plant or animal material for producing energy, such as electricity).
Bagasse could help to reduce the amount of plastic we throw away, for example in
disposable cups and plates.
 Cattle
• Cattle are farmed mainly in temperate climate zones. They
are also kept in tropical and
sub tropical regions but not in arid or cold
climates. Even some temperate climates, such as
Scotland in the UK , are suitable only for very
hardy breeds.
Cattle are often left to graze on large expanses of grassy land
that is unsuitable for growing crops. On smaller farms, cattle
have to be moved to new pastures when they have eaten
about 50 -70% of the grass or it has even grazed to 5-6cm
high.
 Problems of over gazed land
Here are some of the main problems of
overgrazed land:
• The grass becomes too short for cattle to graze .
• Cattle trample the soil , squeezing out air , water , and
nutrients , so grass cannot grow and the soil is more
easily eroded by wind and water .
• Their hooves leave 10cm deep holes that fill up water
that does not drain away easily .These condition kills
grass .After the water evaporates, weed grow in the
bare patches.
 sheep
Sheep can graze on shorter grass than cattle ,
but they need drier conditions , as very wet
ground can cause a disease called foot rod .
They can graze on hills and mountains where
the land is unsuitable for growing crops.