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Introduction to Macroeconomics:
GDP, GNP, Inflation Rate, and
Unemployment Rate
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Macroeconomics
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National Accounting
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What is GDP ?
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How to measure the GDP ?
Expenditure approach: which is the total spending on all final
goods and services produced in the economy in a given
period of time.
Total Expenditure = total expenditure in consumption + investment
expenditure + government expenditure + net exports
Income approach: where GDP is defined as the sum of all
income received by economic agents contributing to
production (Income includes the profits of firms).
the total income of the economy = income of the consumers +
income on the interest on loans + profits after tax + the taxes paid
by the producers (income for the government)
We do not include the taxes paid by consumers since they are
receiving back those taxes as wages
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How to measure the GDP ?
The difference between nominal and real GDP:
Nominal GDP measures these values using
current prices. Changes in nominal GDP can be
due to changes in prices and changes in
quantities of output produced.
Real GDP measure these values using the prices
of a base year. Changes in real GDP can only be
due to changes in quantities, because real GDP
is constructed using constant base-year prices.
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What is GNP ?
Gross National Product (GNP) is the value of
output produced by domestic factors of
production, regardless of whether the
production takes place.
Gross National Product (GNP) = GDP + Net Factor
Payments (NFP)
Net factor payments = factor payments from
abroad – factor payments to abroad.
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What is inflation ?
It is the percentage increase in the
overall level of prices.
Inflation can be measured by:
GDP deflator
Consumer Price Index CPI
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GDP deflator
GDP deflator identifies an index that measures
the overall price LEVEL in a given year.
GDP deflator = 100 * Nominal GDP / Real GDP
The GDP deflator is a weighted average of prices:
GDP deflator = Nominal GDP / Real GDP
= Price * Quantity / Real GDP
The weight (Quantity / Real GDP) on each price
reflects that good’s relative importance in GDP.
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Consumer Price Index CPI
Consumer Price Index CPI is based on a fixed
basket of goods that are normally an important
part of household’s consumption.
CPI = Cost of basket in a period / Cost of basket in base period
= Price * quintity / Cost of basket in base period
The CPI is a weighted average of prices.
The weight on each price reflects that good’s
relative importance in the CPI’s basket.
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CPI vs. GDP Deflator
prices of capital goods
included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically)
excluded from CPI
prices of imported consumer goods
included in CPI
excluded from GDP deflator
the basket of goods
CPI: fixed
GDP deflator: changes every year
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CPI vs. GDP Deflator
In general the CPI index is the most common
way to measure inflation. This is because it is
based on the consumption of households and
therefore is a better measure of the cost of
living in an economy.
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Unemployment Rate
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References
• Ramady M. (2005). “The Saudi Arabian
Economy”.Springer.
• Parkin M. (2012). “Macroeconomics”. Prentice.
Chapter Introduction to Macroeconomics