Lessons 2:

Nomenclature of
Control System
Feedback Control System, BETELXT2A
Engr. Rica Jane Y. Kosca
TUP-Taguig
Topics

TOPICS OUTCOMES
1. Examples of Control System Enumerate the different
Applications applications of automated control
system
2. Nomenclature of Control Explain the function of each
Systems. control system elements and
-5 basic elements physical quantities
-5 physical quantities
3. Control System Identify the needed device
Configuration specifications and involved
signals for a particular
application requirement.
 Topic 1
Examples of Control System
Applications
Automated Plant Applications
Power Generation Hydro, coal, gas, shale, nuclear, wind, solar
Transmission Electricity, gas, oil
Distribution Electricity, water
Process Paper, food, pharmaceutical, metal, processing, glass
cement, chemical, refinery, oil & gas
Manufacturing Computer aided manufacturing (CIM) flexible fabrication,
appliances, automotive, aircrafts
Storage Silos elevator
Building Heat and ventilation, air conditioning (HAVC), access
control, fire, energy supply, tunnels, highways…
Transportation Rolling stock, street cars, suburban trains , busses, cars,
ships, airplanes, satellites
Examples of Automated Plants
 Topic 2

Nomenclature of a Control System

Simplified Control System Conceptm(review)
1. System – An interconnection of elements and devices for a desired
purpose.
2. Control System – An interconnection of components forming a system
configuration that will provide a desired response.
3. Process – The device, plant, or system under control. The input and output
relationship represents the cause-and-effect relationship of the process.

INPUT: Stimulus OUTPUT: response

PROCESS
to be
Desired Response controlled Actual Response
What is an Industrial Control System
Water-level float regulator
 Input: Water

 Process: regulating the level of

water inside the tank

 Output: Steam

Exercise: Explain the sequence of

operation of this system. It could be
found in the book of Nise
What is an Industrial Control System
Watt’s Flyball Governor
(18th century)  Input: Steam

 Process: Engine, shaft and

governor movements

 Output: Speed of the governor

Exercise: Explain the sequence of

operation of this system. It could be
found in the book of Nise
Feedback or Closed-Loop Control System
 A Feedback Control System is an arrangement of physical
components connected/related in such a manner as to
command, direct or regulate itself or another system.
Nomenclature of Control System
5 BASIC ELEMENTS (DEVICES) 5 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES (SIGNALS)

1. Input Transducer 1. Set Point or Reference Input

2. Comparator 2. Error or Actuating signal
3. Controller 3. Controlled Variable (Actual
4. Actuator Response)
5. Measuring Element 4. Measured Variable
5. Disturbances
Note: The process or plant may be a single
device or a whole system in itself and it is
the subject where the control takes effect.

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Nomenclature of a Process Control System
Five Basic Elements (physical devices)
1. Input Transducer – It is a sensor that converts one form of energy (e.g. heat
energy) to another form of energy (mostly electrical energy). This element is
sometimes called reference signal generator because it does not converts
energy but generates an electrical signal (e.g. potentiometers in volume
control). Sometimes this includes signal conditioning to calibrate the signal
to according to the device specifications.
2. Comparator – This is also called a summing junction, usually an electronic
device (but not always) to compare or add up two or more electrical signals
(or other forms of energy).
3. Controller – This is the brain of the system. It analyzes the error signal or
actuating signal and acts accordingly. The controller decides whether to
command the actuator to increase or decrease the amount of actuation.
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Nomenclature of a Process Control System
Five Basic Elements (physical devices)
4. Actuator – This is a physical devices that operates according to the
command of the controller. It is the actuator that functions to meet the
desired response. In some system, actuators are part of the controller if it
is in the form of electronic device. In other cases, it is part of the process
especially in applications that need robustness like large motors or
pneumatics. In some applications the actuator is the output device.
5. Measuring element – This is also a sensor but usually converts electrical
energy into other forms of energy. Its function is to detect the actual
response of the controlled variable.

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Nomenclature of a Process Control System
Five Physical Quantities, Variables or Signals

1. Set point or Reference Input – This is a signal to start the system, e.g. pressure,
temperature, level, etc. This is a fix value introduced by the system operator (the
Technician, Engineer, etc.)
2. Error or Actuating Signal – This is the signal coming from the comparator. It is the
difference between the reference signal and the measured value.
3. Controlled Variable – This is a signal or variable that is controlled at its output, e.g.
temperature, pressure, level. The value is varying according to the process conditions.
4. Measured Variable – This is an equivalent signal of the actual response or controlled
variable, in electrical form.
5. Disturbances – A physical quantity that disturbs the controller output signal that
affects the actual response. It can be from within the system or from external factors.

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Physical Parts of a Process Control System
 An electrical control circuit for controlling an feedback
control system can be broken into three parts:
 Input section – input transducers/sensors or signal
generator
 Logic Section – comparator and/or controller
 Output Section – actuators and/or output devices

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 Input Devices
Parts of a Process Control Push Button
 Input section Limit Switch
 Sometimes called the
informationgathering
information gathering
Thumbwheel SW
section consist of all
the devices which
supply system Level SW
information and
human operator
Flow SW
setting to the circuits.

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 Logic Section
Parts of a Process Control Relays

 Logic Section
Transistors
decision
 Sometimes called decision
makingsection is that part
making
of the circuit which acts Integrated
Circuits (Timers &
upon the information Counters)
provided by the input
section. It makes decision Programmable
Controllers
based on the information
received and sends orders
to the output section. Microprocessors

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 Output Devices
Parts of a Process Control Motors

 Output Section
Solenoid
 Sometimes called the
actuating device
device
section consist of the LED display
devices which take the
output signal from the
logic section and converts Heater Coil
or amplify these signal
into useful form.
Lamp

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 Topic 3

Control System Configuration

Open- and Closed-Loop Control System
 Open-Loop Control Systems
 Utilize a controller or control actuator to obtain the desired response.

 Output does not affect the function of the entire system.

Reference System Output

Controller Actuator Process Signal
Input

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 EXAMPLE : Street Lighting System

• Commonly a system that using timer.

• ON and OFF at specific time

( Night = ON and Day = OFF)

• Duration within ON and OFF is set up by timer.

System
Input Controller Actuator Output Signal
Signal

Input signal: Set-up time adjustment Controller: Timer circuit

Actuator: Relay Process/system: Street light asembly
Output Signal: Lamp status (on/off)

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 Open- and Closed-Loop Control System
 Closed-Loop Control Systems
 Utilizes feedback to compare the actual output to the desired output
response
Also known as Feedback Control System
 System Output affect the control function of the entire system.

Reference System Output

Controller Actuator Process Signal
Input

Sensor

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 EXAMPLE : STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM

• Commonly a system that using sensor as input element.

• ON and OFF automatically as the light sensor detect the light
regardless of the particular time.
• Dark = ON and Bright = OFF)
Comparator

Controller Actuator Process/

Reference Output
Input System signal

Reference Input: Light intensity Input transducer: Light sensor

Comparator: Comparator IC/Relay Controller: Timer circuit
Actuator: Relay Process/system: Street light assembly
Output Signal: Lamp status (on/off) Measuring element: Just direct line
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Computerized Control System

• A control system that use a computer as a controller.

• This system can be represented by the block diagram shown
below.

COMPUTER

Reference System
Controller Actuator Output
signal
signal

Measurement element

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Comparison: Advantages and Disadvantages
Open Loop System (OLS) Close Loop System (CLS)
Easy to design The design is complicated or
Complex.
The accuracy depends on the The system is very accurate.
calibration elements

less instability problem. problems of instability.

Unable to reduce the impact of non- Non-linearity effects can be

linearity. minimized.

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 Multivariate Control System

Reference Output
Inputs Signals

Level Level
System
Pressure Controller Pressure
Process
Temperature Temperature

Sensor

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Controller Category thru the
Type of Actuator used
Depending on the type of technology used, controllers can be divided into:
 Pneumatic – use of air pressure for heavy loads
 Hydraulic – use of fluid (water or oil) pressure for much heavier loads
 Electrical – electrically driven control switching applications
 Electronic – small-current applications for data manipulations

Frequently, a combination of different technologies is used.

Example of Multivariate Control System
Exercise: Separate and
draw the 3 different
controlled variables
Block Diagram (Temperature,
Pressure, Level) to
separate block
diagrams.

RTD –
Resistor
Temperature
Detector

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Applications to Categories
1. Sequential Control and Industrial a. Forward reverse stop with
Machines manual interlock
a. Packaging b. Forward reverse stop with direct
reversal
b. Material Handling
c. Start stop jog circuit
c. Conveyor System
1. Process Control
d. Machining
a. Temperature
e. Drilling
b. Pressure
f. Stamping
c. Level
2. Motor Control
d. Flow
a. Simple one contact one coil
circuit
b. Standard start-stop seal circuit
Determination is key to
success.
END OF PRESENTATION

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Reference
 noorropidah.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/topic-2-topic-31.ppt retrieved
1/28/2013
 http://www.calvin.edu/~pribeiro/courses/engr315/lectures-notes/chapter-
1.ppt retrieved 1/28/2013
 http://www.powershow.com/view/4c378-
MWNmZ/Industrial_Automation_powerpoint_ppt_presentation. Retrieved
March 14, 2014

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