2.

Basic Terminology

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Atoms, Elements, Compounds,
Molecules, and Mixtures

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 Elements & Atom

All matter in the universe is composed of elements which

cannot be broken down or subdivided into smaller entities
by ordinary mean.

The atom is the basic unit of each element that can

combine with itself or the atom of other elements to form a
compound

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 Structure of Atom
o Atoms are the smallest particles into
which matter can be divided and still
maintain its characteristics.
o Atoms are the building blocks of the
universe. There are 92 different kinds
of atoms that occur naturally,
although more are man-made.
o These building blocks can be joined
together to create all of the different
kinds of matter we can observe.
What’s inside of an
atom?
?
o All atoms share the same basic
structure. Over the years,
scientists have designed many
different models for this structure.
o Each one was the best model at
the time, but as new evidence was
discovered, the models were
revised to fit it.
o Scientists will probably revise the
current model as more evidence
becomes available.
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 Recent Atomic Model
Positively-charged
In the early 1900’s, scientists discovered the protons are in the
positively-charged proton. In 1911, Rutherford nucleus.
- Rutherford
discovered the nucleus of the atom, where protons
are located. Atoms are mostly empty space.

Niels Bohr changed Rutherford’s model in 1913. Bohr said

that electrons move around the nucleus in fixed energy
Electrons levels. Electrons can move from one energy level to another.
orbit the Bohr’s model has been called the “Solar System” model of
nucleus. the atom.
- Niels Bohr
Negative electron cloud

The current model of atomic structure is called the Neutral neutrons are
“electron cloud” model. Electrons move within an in nucleus with
energy level in an ever-changing path, not a fixed positive protons.
- Electron Cloud
orbit. Neutrons bond with protons in the nucleus. Model

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 Atomic Number and Mass Number
o All atoms of an element have the
same number of protons, and
different elements have different
numbers of protons in their atoms.
o The atomic number of an atom is o
the number of protons it has. If
the atom is neutral, the atomic
number is also the number of
electrons.
Atomic number of this
neutral atom = 6.
This means that it has 6
protons and 6
electrons.
o Atoms of the same element may
have different numbers of neutrons.
Atoms with extra or missing
neutrons are called isotopes.
An atom’s mass number is the
number of protons plus neutrons.
o Different isotopes of an element
have different mass numbers.
Mass number of this neutral
atom is 14. This is the sum of the
protons plus neutrons. Since
there are 6 protons, there must
be 14 - 6 = 8 neutrons.
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 Elements
 An element is matter that is made of
only one kind of atom. All of the atoms
of an element are alike. There are 92
naturally occurring elements.
 Elements can be identified by their
properties. Some properties are color,
texture, density, malleability, ductility,
ability to dissolve in water, and ability to
conduct heat or electricity.
 At room temperature, most elements
are solids, although a few are liquids and
some are gases.
H
Chemical symbol for the
element Hydrogen, a
flammable gas.
Cl
Chemical symbol for the
element Sodium, used in
sodium vapor lamps.
Na
 Chemical symbols are
abbreviations for the names of
elements. You can also use a
chemical symbol to represent
one atom of an element.
 Chemical symbols are the same
all over the world, no matter
what language is spoken. The
first letter is always capitalized,
and if there is a second letter it is
never capitalized.
Chemical symbol for the element
Chlorine, used in bleach and
water treatment.
Chemical symbol for the element
O Oxygen, needed for life.
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 Compounds
 The atoms of most elements are
very reactive. They chemically join
together with atoms of other
elements to form compounds.
 The properties of compounds are
different than the properties of the
elements that make the compound. 
 When elements join to make
compounds, they always join in the
same proportion. H2O is water, not
HO or H3O !
 Compounds are separated into two
groups, depending on how their atoms
are joined: (1) Molecular compounds
are made of atoms that share electrons.
(2) Ionic compounds are made of atoms
that gain or lose electrons.
Chemical formulas represent
compounds. They show the kind and
number or atoms in the compound.
H is symbol for

O is symbol for
N is symbol
for Nitrogen NH3 Hydrogen

H is symbol
for Hydrogen
H2O Oxygen
No subscript
means one Subscript 3
Nitrogen means there are
No subscript 3 Hydrogen
atom
means one atoms
Subscript 2 means
Oxygen atom
that there are 2
Hydrogen atoms
Ammonia
Water molecule
Molecule 8
 Molecules

Chemical compounds are formed by the union of atoms in

the simplest possible numerical proportion.

The molecule is the unit of a compound. A molecule of

water is H2O, two atom of hydrogen combined with one
atom of oxygen

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 Mixture

 Mixtures are made when there are

at least two different kinds of
atoms that are in the same place This coffee is a mixture.

but are not chemically combined.

 A mixture can be made with any
proportion of ingredients, but a
compound must be made in only
one certain way.
This cake is a
 Components of a mixture keep mixture.
their own properties, but those of
a compound do not.
 Components of a mixture are not
chemically combined, so they can
be separated by physical means. This basket of fruit is
also a mixture.

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 Type of Mixture
 A homogeneous mixture is the same
throughout. All parts of the mixture This cookie is
have the same proportion of heterogeneous.
ingredients.
 A heterogeneous mixture is different
in different parts. Different regions
of this kind of mixture have different
proportions of the ingredients. Soft drinks are The alloy these keys are
 An alloy is a homogeneous mixture homogeneous made of is a homogeneous
mixtures. mixture.
of metals.
 All solutions are homogeneous The crayons in the pail
mixtures. make a heterogeneous
mixture.

The milk is
homogeneous.

The gelatin mold is a

heterogeneous mixture.
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 Relative Atomic Mass (Weight)
o In forming a compound, elements always combine according to fixed mass ratio.
o To express this ratio, today we use relative atomic weight, the relative mass of
the atom of different elements.
o Currently, Carbon-12 is used as the standard, being assigned the relative atomic
weight of 12.

Atom Symbol Relative Atomic

Weight
Hydrogen H 1
Carbon C 12
Nitrogen N 14
Oxygen O 16
Sulphur S 32

o A relative atomic weight of one element contain about the same of atoms as a relative
atomic weight of any other element.
o One gram of hydrogen and 12 gram of carbon each contain about 6 x 10 23 atoms
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 Relative Molecular Mass
o The relative molecular weight of a molecule is the sum of the relative atomic
weights of the atoms combining to produce the molecule.
o Example:

Relative Atomic
Molecule Symbol
Weight
Water H2O ?
Methane CH4
Carbon Dioxide CO2
Amonia NH3
Oxygen O2
Nitrogen N2
Ethane C2H6
Hydrogen Sulfide H2S

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 The Mol
o The mol is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many as
elementary entities as there are atoms in 12 gram of Carbon-12
o Thus the mol can be defined for engineering usage as the mass in grams equal
numerically to the sum of the relative atomic weights of the atoms in the
molecule of a substance.
o At a given pressure and temperature equal volumes of different gas contain the
same number of molecules.
o At 0 C and 14.7 psia, a mol of any gas contains about 6 x 1023 molecules and
occupies a volume of 22.4 liters

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 Enrichment: Standard vs Normal Volume

Standard Normal

T reference, C 15 0

P ref, kPa 101.325 kPa 101.325 kPa

(1 atm) (1 atm)

Denotation Std/S N

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 Example-1
What is the mass (in gram) of one mol of:

Molecule Symbol Mass (in gram)

Water H2O ?
Methane CH4
Carbon Dioxide CO2
Amonia NH3
Oxygen O2
Nitrogen N2
Ethane C2H6
Hydrogen Sulfide H2S

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 Example-2
What is the mass (in gram) of the following gas:

Normal volume
Molecule Symbol (N-liter) Mass (in gram)

Propane C3H8 22.4 ?

Methane CH4 11.2
Carbon Dioxide CO2 44.8
Oxygen O2 11.2
Nitrogen N2 44.8
Ethane C2H6 22.4
Hydrogen Sulfide H2S 11.2

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 Example-3
What is the mass (in gram) of the following gas:

Molecule Symbol Volume Mass (in gram)

Propane C3H8 1 Nm3 ?

Methane CH4 1 Std M3
Carbon Dioxide CO2 1 Std M3
Oxygen O2 1 Std M3
Nitrogen N2 1 Nm3
Ethane C2H6 1 Nm3
Hydrogen Sulfide H2S 1 Nm3

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 Example-4
An isolated pressure vessel is filled with natural gas at pressure 147 psia and
temperature 30 C. The effective volume of vessel is 5 m3. The natural gas has the
following composition:
N2 = 1%
CO2 = 7%
CH4 = 90%
C2H6=2%

Calculate the net weight (mass) of the natural gas!

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 Thank you

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