MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA UNIVERSITY

OF TECHNOLOGY

Seminar Topic
Biometrics

By: Pratyaksha Srivastava

(2016021061)
Biometrics
 Contents
What is Biometrics?
Categorization of Biometrics
Determining Factors
Modes of a Biometric System.
Multimodal System
Types of Biometrics
Applications of Biometric Systems
Recent Advances in Emerging
Biometrics
Advantages of biometric Systems
Disadvantages of biometric Systems
 What is biometrics?

• The word "biometrics" is derived from

the Greek words 'bios' and 'metric‘,
which mean life and measurement
respectively.
• Biometrics is the technical term for
body measurements and calculations. It
refers to metrics related to human
characteristics. 
•  Biometrics authentication (or realistic
authentication) is used in computer
science as a form of identification
and access control.
 Categorization of biometrics

•  Biometric identifiers are often

categorized as physiological
versus behavioral characteristics.
• Physiological Characteristics -
These are related to the shape of
the body.
• Behavioral Characteristics -
These are related to the pattern
of behavior of a person, including
but not limited to typing
rhythm, gait, and voice.
 Determining factors
• Universality means that every person using a system should possess the trait.
• Uniqueness means the trait should be sufficiently different for individuals in the relevant
population such that they can be distinguished from one another.
• Permanence relates to the manner in which a trait varies over time. More specifically, a
trait with 'good' permanence will be reasonably invariant over time with respect to the
specific matching algorithm.
• Measurability (collectability) relates to the ease of acquisition or measurement of the
trait. In addition, acquired data should be in a form that permits subsequent processing
and extraction of the relevant feature sets.
• Performance relates to the accuracy, speed, and robustness of technology used.
• Acceptability relates to how well individuals in the relevant population accept the
technology such that they are willing to have their biometric trait captured and assessed.
• Circumvention relates to the ease with which a trait might be imitated using an artifact
or substitute.
 Modes of biometric system
The block diagram illustrates the two basic
modes of a biometric system:
• Verification Mode – The system
performs one-to-one comparison of a
captured biometric with a specific
template stored in a biometric database in
order to verify the individual is the person
they claim to be.
• Identification Mode – The system
performs a one-to-many comparison
against a biometric database in an attempt
to establish the identity of an unknown
individual
 Multimodal biometric systems
• Multimodal biometric systems use multiple sensors or biometrics to overcome
the limitations of unimodal biometric systems. 
• For instance iris recognition systems can be compromised by aging irises and
finger scanning systems by worn-out or cut fingerprints.
• While unimodal biometric systems are limited by the integrity of their
identifier, it is unlikely that several unimodal systems will suffer from identical
limitations.
• Multimodal biometric systems can obtain sets of information from the same
marker (i.e., multiple images of an iris, or scans of the same finger) or
information from different biometrics (requiring fingerprint scans and, using
voice recognition, a spoken passcode)
A multimodal biometric verification system can be considered as a classical
information fusion problem i.e. can be thought to combine evidence provided by
different biometrics to improve the overall decision accuracy. Generally, multiple
evidences can be integrated at one of the following three levels.
• Abstract level
• Rank level
• Measurement level
 Types of biometrics

• DNA Matching- The identification of an individual using the analysis of

segments from DNA.
• Ear- The identification of an individual using the shape of the ear.
• Eyes - Iris Recognition- The use of the features found in the iris to identify
an individual.
• Eyes - Retina Recognition- The use of patterns of veins in the back of the
eye to accomplish recognition.
• Face Recognition- The analysis of facial features or patterns for the
authentication or recognition of an individuals identity.
• Fingerprint Recognition- The use of the ridges and valleys (minutiae)
found on the surface tips of a human finger to identify an individual.
• Finger Geometry Recognition- The use of 3D geometry of the finger to
determine identity.
• Gait- The use of an individuals walking style or gait to determine identity.
• Hand Geometry Recognition- The use of the geometric features of the
hand such as the lengths of fingers and the width of the hand to identify an
individual.
• Typing Recognition- The use of the unique characteristics of a persons
typing for establishing identity.
• Vein Recognition- Vein recognition is a type of biometrics that can be used
to identify individuals based on the vein patterns in the human finger or
palm.
• Voice - Speaker Verification/Authentication- The use of the voice as a method of
determining the identity of a speaker for access control. 
• Signature Recognition- The authentication of an individual by the analysis of
handwriting style, in particular the signature.
 Applications of biometric Systems:

• The applications of biometrics can be divided into the following three main groups:
• Commercial applications such as computer network login, electronic data security, e-
commerce, Internet access, ATM, credit card, physical access control, cellular phone,
PDA, medical records management, and distance learning.
• Government applications such as national ID card, correctional facility, driver’s license,
social security, welfare disbursement, border control, and passport control.
• Forensic applications such as corpse identification, criminal investigation, terrorist
identification, parenthood determination, and missing children.
 Recent advances in emerging biometrics

• In recent times, biometrics based on brain (electroencephalogram) and

heart (electrocardiogram) signals have emerged. The research group
at University of Kent led by Ramaswamy Palaniappam has shown that
people have certain distinct brain and heart patterns that are specific for
each individual.
• Another example is finger vein recognition, using pattern-recognition
techniques, based on images of human vascular patterns.
• The advantage of such 'futuristic' technology
is that it is more fraud resistant compared to
conventional biometrics like fingerprints.
•  However, such technology is generally more
cumbersome and still has issues such as lower
accuracy and poor reproducibility over time. 
• This new generation of biometrical systems is
called biometrics of intent and it aims to
scan intent. The technology will analyze
physiological features such as eye movement,
body temperature, breathing etc. and predict
dangerous behavior or hostile intent before it
materializes into action.
 Advantages of biometrics

• Biometric identification can provide extremely accurate, secured access to

information; fingerprints, retinal and iris scans produce absolutely unique
datasets when done properly.
• Current methods like password verification have many problems (people write
them down, they forget them, they make up easy-to-hack passwords) .
•  Automated biometric identification can be done very rapidly and uniformly,
with a minimum of training .
•  Your identity can be verified without resort to documents that may be stolen,
lost or altered.
 Disadvantages of biometrics
• The finger print of those people working in Chemical industries are often
affected. Therefore these companies should not use the finger print mode
of authentication.
• It is found that with age, the voice of a person differs. Also when the person has
flu or throat infection the voice changes or if there are too much noise in the
environment this method may not authenticate correctly. Therefore this
method of verification is not workable all the time
• For people affected with diabetes, the eyes get affected resulting in differences.
• Biometrics is an expensive security solution.
 CONCLUSION

• With the introduction of the

technology of Biometrics, we no
more have to take the pain of
typing the whole password into our
locked phones, instead our face
scan unlocks the phone in fraction
of a second; in short we are our
own keys.
• The technology of biometrics is
growing at a fast pace and there
are still many milestones to
achieve, definitely biometrics will
bring great ease to human efforts.