Introduction

THE KASHMIR ISSUE HAS CAUSED TENSION AND CONFLICT IN THE

INDIAN SUBCONTINENT SINCE 1947, WHEN INDEPENDENCE FROM
BRITAIN CREATED INDIA AND PAKISTAN AS TWO SOVEREIGN STATES.
JAMMU AND KASHMIR THEN RULED BY MAHARAJA HARI SINGH
ACCEDED TO INDIA IN 1947, SEEKING MILITARY SUPPORT AFTER TRIBAL
RAIDS FROM PAKISTAN INTO THE STATE’S TERRITORY. THE TWO
COUNTRIES HAVE FOUGHT THREE WARS OVER JAMMU AND KASHMIR
SINCE.
• INDIAN OCCUPIED KASHMIR CAN BE DIVIDED INTO THREE PARTS:
• JAMMU, WHICH CONSIST MAJORLY OF HINDU POPULATION.
• THE KASHMIR VALLEY, WHICH CONSIST OF 90% MUSLIM POPULATION.
• THE LEH LADAKH BELT WHICH CONSIST OF THE BUDDHIST MONKS OR
PEOPLE FOLLOWING BUDDHISM.
 The princely state of Kashmir had a Hindu King, Maharaja Hari Singh while 78% population was
Muslim.
 Lord Mountbatten gave the king an option either to join hands with India or Pakistan before 15 th
August, 1947.
 The king was unsure so asked for more time.
 People in the state of Kashmir protested against the king indecisiveness as they were aware that
the king is waiting for India’s independence so he can join their troops with state troops and
snatch Kashmir from Pakistan.
 Those people were majority Muslims and want accession with Pakistan.
 A reaction to the protest the king asked his troops to open fire on the people.
 A large number of Muslim population was killed in the violence.
 A reaction to these killings the Pathan tribesmen from the North West frontier came to invade
Kashmir.
 They defeated the King’s troops and reached the Capital Srinagar.
 The king then asked India for help and India agreed only on the condition of accession and on
October 26, 1947 the king signed an accession agreement with India.
 India airlifted their troops to Kashmir. But before that Pakistan had already conquered 30% of the
Kashmir’s land.
 The Pakistan army was stunned but wanted to fight back.
 After a year of war Indian leaders realized that this would never end.
 India along with the king went to United Nation and asked for a ceasefire. UN asked both
countries to ceasefire and proposed that UN will organize an election in which majority of the
Kashmir will decide where they’ll fall.
 INDO-PAK WARS

 Three major wars between India and Pakistan have been fought over the Kashmir
territory
 1947-1948
 1965
 1971
 A fourth war almost started when Pakistan invaded and tried to capture Kargil.
 FIRST WAR

 The
first INDO Pakistan war between India and Pakistan from 22
October 1947 to December 1948.
 princely state of Jammu Kashmir acceded to India
 Pakistancontrols roughly a third of Kashmir (Azad Kashmir and
Gilgit-Baltistan)
 India controls the rest (Kashmir Valley, Jammu and Ladakh)
 On August 13th 1948 urged for a cease fire
 Agreement between the two countries
 SECOND WAR

 The second INDO Pakistan war between India and Pakistan from August
1965 to 23 Step 1965
 The war of 1965 was perhaps one of the most
 Intense wars the two neighbors ever fought
 Pakistan attacked India in operation code named
 Gibraltar on August 5,1965
 The war was at the point of stalemate when the UN security council unanimously
passed a resolution September 20 that called for a ceasefire
 THIRD WAR

 The 1971 Indo-Pak war initially started as a civil war in East Pakistan from 3
December 1971.
 The revolt began in 1970 ,due to general elections
 East Pakistan became independent country on December 16 ,1971
 Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and President Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto of Pakistan
,signed the Shimla agreement on 2nd July 1972
 Kashmir On International Level

The United Nations has played an important role in maintaining peace and order

in Jammu and Kashmir soon after the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947,
when a dispute erupted between the two States on the question of Jammu and
Kashmir. India took this matter to the UN Security Council, which passed resolution
39 (1948) and established the United Nation Commission for India and
Pakistan (UNCIP) to investigate the issues and mediate between the two countries.
Following the cease-fire of hostilities, it also established the United Nations Military
Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) to monitor the cease-fire line.
 Kashmir in United Nations

 After 50 years of silence in security council on Kashmir issue. Pakistan stepped

up passing the resolution for Kashmir on August 2019 in the leadership of Prime
Minister Imran Khan with Maleeha Lodhi as ambassador of Pakistan in UNSC.
 Pakistan pointed out that the secretary general had also emphasized the need to
resolve this “issue in accordance with applicable Security Council Resolutions
and the Charter of the United Nations”. The UNSC resolutions uphold the
Kashmiri people’s right to self-determination while the UN charter guarantees
their basic human rights.
 Kashmir in United Nations

 This voice was raised when India passed a resolution snatching the identity of
Kashmiris from them.
 They removed article 370 which plucked the Kashmir’s identity of special state
and now it is the part of India. And from that day Kashmir is under lockdown.
 The issue which was raised in UNSC was not only about the special positon of
Kashmir in India but also about the pain, suffering and plight of over 14 million
people who have been locked up in their own homes.
 Kashmir in United Nations

 Pakistan’s ambassador and their team have been tirelessly working since years to
sensitize the UN members on how India’s decision to revoke Kashmir’s special
status threatens South Asia’s peace and stability. But the council’s current
composition does not seem to favor Pakistan.
 Only one of the five permanent members, China, openly favors Pakistan. The
remaining four Britain, France, Russia and the United States want India and
Pakistan to address the Kashmir dispute in a bilateral set-up. While India too
favors this position, it refuses to hold any talk on Kashmir, as it calls the Kashmir
issue an internal matter.
 Current Situation

 From last two years the relations between Pakistan and India are going through
extreme conditions.
 Pakistan and India back in 2019 were on the verge of war after August 5 when
India removed the special status of Kashmir from their constitution.
 Pakistan is a developing which is still figured out as an underdeveloped country.
No advancements are made here since decades. PSX crashes in a day and GDP is
now in negative figures. Pakistan cannot afford a war from now.
 Current Situation

 On the other hand India is the IT hub of Asia with production houses and
headquarters of facebook, google, windows, Iphone, Samsung, Amazon and many
other companies who are now leading this globe.
 With so much advancements India still faces low GDP rate at some moments and
also has a poverty rate far more than Pakistan.
 Moreover and most importantly, Pakistan and India both are nuclear powers and if
now any war happens between the two, it would be the end.