GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

Current Affairs
By
Dr.Hassan Junaid

Kashmir Issue
Past,Present &
Future
 Treaty of Amritsar
• In march 1846 done between British and
Maharaja Gulab Singh
• British sold kashmir to Mahraja Gulab
singh
• 75 lac Nanakshahe rupees
• So kashmir became princely state
 Kashmir Conflict
• The Kashmir conflict is a territorial
dispute between India and Pakistan over
the Jammu and Kashmir regions of South
Asia
 Kashmir Conflict
• India and Pakistan have fought several
wars over Kashmir, called the Indo-
Pakistani Wars of 1947, 1965 and 1999.
Map of Kashmir
 History-1947
• August 1947- India and Pakistan gain
independence from Britain
• Question of princely states arose
• Hari singh was Mahraja of kashmir
• He was against the aspiration of Muslim
kashmiris
• In September 1947 – Revolt occur,Muslims are
killed in Jammu and thousands flee
• In October 1947
– Pakistani tribals people attacks Kashmir
– India sends in troops to Kashmir but Pakistan has
captured a large area of the state.
 Split of Kashmir
• Pashtans and Poonch rebels invade Kashmir
• Maharaja of Kashmir turns to India for help
• signs instrument of accession acceding 75% of the region
to India
• 1947 Pakistan declares accession as illegal and invades
• 1948-1949 UN intervention results in ceasefire
• Leaves India in control of most of Kashmir while Pakistan
gains Azad Kashmir
 1948-1964
• 1948- India takes the issue to the United
Nations Security Council
• January 1948 - India and Pakistan
finally agree to withdraw all troops
behind a mutually agreed ceasefire line
(Line of Control)
• October 1949- Indian Constituent
Assembly adopts Article 370 of the
constitution, giving special status and
internal autonomy for Kashmir.
• Dixon report 1950
• Liaqat nehru meeting 1951
• Bandung conference 1955 Indonesia
• Ayub meeting with Nehru 1959-1960
• Foreign ministers 06 round of talks
1962-1963( Z.A.Bhuto vs Sardar
Swarn singh)
 1965-1986
• 1965- India and Pakistan go to war after Pakistan launches
Operation Gibraltar in August, sending armed infiltrators
across the ceasefire line.
• 1966- Pakistan and India agree to revert to pre-1965
positions. Tashkent declaration 1966
• 1972-India and Pakistan sign the Simla Agreement, which
declares that the issue will be settled in the future and both
sides shall respect the ceasefire line
• 1982- Sheikh Abdullah dies. His son, Farooq Abdullah,
takes over the National Conference.
 1987-1999
• 1987- Farooq Abdullah wins election
• 1988- Anti-India protests begin by Pakistan citizens
• 1989-1990- Armed movement against India begins-
Pakistan accuses India of arming their fighters
– 100 killed when India fires at unarmed protesters
• 1996-1998- India and Pakistan engage in
low level dialogue discussing peace
agreements
• 1999- Insurgents infiltrate vacant
mountain peaks
 Kargil War (1999)
• Kashmir goes through tons of different leaders
• Very unstable
• Pakistani soldiers invade onto Indian territory -> start of
Kargil war
• Seen as very dangerous because of Nuclear weapons
• None were used
• Results in 1000 soldiers and hundreds of civilians dead
Kashmir 2000-2020
Kashmir is This
But Also… THIS
 Kasmir issue in 21 st century
• Mushraf 2000-2008
• zardari 2008-2013
• Nawaz 2013-2018
• Imran khan(2018-2020)
• Article 370 & 35a 05 Aug 2019
• Citizin Amendement Act
 Musharaff to Imran era
• Jammu kashmir assembly’s autonomy
resolution 2000
• President Mushraff meeting with Vajpayee
in 2001
• Attack on Srinagar assembly 2001
• Musharaff chenab Formula 2005
• Mumbai attacks 2008
• Burhan wani death 2016
 2019-2020
• Attack on soldiers pulwama attack 14 feb
2019( Adeel dar)
• 27 Feb 2019 Air force action
• Abhi.nandan arrested
Revocation of Article 370 and
35A
 WHAT IS ARTICLE 370?
➢ Basis of Jammu and
Kashmir’s accession to
the Indian Union
➢ Grants special
autonomous status to
Jammu and Kashmir
➢ Separate set of laws
➢ Cannot purchase land or
property
➢ No power to declare
financial emergency
 What is article 35a?
➢ To continue the old
provisions of territory
regulations
➢ Forbids outsiders from
permanently settling,
buying lands, holding
local government jobs
➢ Bars female residents
from property rights
 Contemporary Context
• In August 2019- Indian government stripped Jammu
and Kashmir (J&K) state of the special status that gave
it significant autonomy. In fact J&K is no longer a
STATE at all, but two UNION TERRITORIES, J&K
and Ladakh.
• Article 370 specified that the president would consult
the state government with regard to subjects other
than defence, foreign affairs, and communications”
• The real issue is of self-determination
• India violated international law by changing
nature of disputed territory
• Lockdown and curfew imposed
• Citizen amendement act 2019
passed
• Pakistan issued new political map
on 04 aug 2020.
• Pakistan declared 05 Aug as Day of
Exploitation on 05 Aug 2020
 Recommendations
• Extensive working at United nation level to
raise issue
• Prioritise stabilisationof economy
• Expose Hinduvta ideology
• Create legal understanding of issue
• Make appeals om humantarian grounds
• Invite international agencies to monitor on
ground situation
• Make English channel to spread out voice to
western countries and approach western
media too
• Make OIC functioal
• Mobilize Pakistani and kashmiri diaspora in
different countries
• Make our diplomacy effective by our
ambassadors