Ayub Khan era

1958-1969
 contents
• Important events of his era/decade of
devolpment
• Socio &Economic reforms
• 1965 war
• Tashkent declaration and fall of Ayub khan
• Conclusion
 Important events
Controlled corruption period
• Ayub tried to wipeout corruption and get rid of
several social problems the country was facing
• Army cracked down on corrupt civil servants, black
marketers and smugglers. Traffic and civil rules were
strictly imposed and the common man was pleased.
 Presidential elections
Constitution
• in 1962 he lifted martial law and promulgated a
new constitution which was presidential;
• Presidential elections were held in 1965. The
Combined Opposition Party nominated Fatima
Jinnah as their candidate in the election but Ayub
Khan managed to sweep the polls. His critics
consider rigging as the chief cause of his victory
as they believe that Fatima Jinnah secured fewer
votes than her popularity, which was quite visible
during her public meetings before the election
Basic democracy
• Introduced the system of indirect elections
(basic democracy). The Electoral college would be
directly elected and the basic democrats would
than elected president, NA, PA.the BDs would
also run local govt and union councils. In theory
this was meant to provide services to the people
but actually there was coercion aand corruption
• Punishments under martial law were harsh
 Reforms undertaken by ayub
Economic condition of pakistan
• Country was in total disarray
• Had no econmic weapon in their army to
fight the battle of its recovery
 Industrial development
• created an environment where the private
sector was encouraged to establish medium
and small-scale industries in Pakistan
• opened up avenues for new job opportunities
and thus the economic graph of the country
started rising.
• Labour laws was introduced and labour law
was weighted heavily in favour of capitalism
• Wanted to spread wealth regionally rather
than socially. It eventually was unbalanced
regionally, espacially in east pakistan
• heavy industry did’t develop because capital
goods were being freely imported and the
customer goods industry was given incentives
• Bonus vouchers which could be purchsed on
the open market were meant to subsidize
imports
 Development in agriculture sector
• One of the salient feature of Ayub Khan decade was to reversal of
neglect in agriculture sector that had been there in early 1960s
• A series of reforms strethened the Pakistani agriculture sector
• Rural infrastrucure was increased to improve the overall
availability of irrigation water and the amount of cultivated land
The two factors that contributed the revival of agriculure were:
• The green revolution characterized by the introduction of high
yielding varieties of rice and wheet
• The mechanism and defusion of technology among agriculure
producers
 Policies in the agriculture sector
Green revulation
• Green revulation is a concept used for food, production
of new and improved varieties of seeds, fertilizers,
irrigation and mchienary
• As a result between 1960-1965 agriculture production
grew by 3.8%per annum
• Between 1960 and 1964-1965 irrigation was the main
cause of development
• Between 1965-1964 and 1968-1969 the use of high
yielding varieties seeds and chemical fertilizers became
widely commonin west pakistan which was the main
cause of development than
 results
• Improved seeds
• Agriculture machinery
• Tubewell irrigation
• Between 1959 and 1964 agriculture grew at nan over
all rate of 3.7% and by 6.7% between 1965 and 1970s
• Focus on reconstruction and development of
agriculture based industries.
• Priority of Ayub’s administration was to achieve the
rapid rate of economic growth and develop Pakistan
industrial capacity
• Emphasized on Private sector
• Focus on reconstruction and development of
agriculture based industries.
• Priority of Ayub’s administration was to
achieve the rapid rate of economic growth
and develop Pakistan industrial capacity
• Emphasized on Private sector
 1965 war
Background
India abrogated article 370 in his constitution
which had given kashmir an autonomous state
with a separate prime minister and In 1964
declare that kashmir was an integral part of
india
 1965 war
Situation for pakistan

• situation was desperate for pakistan as it

might have had to surrender its claim to Azad
Kashmir and might be crushed by India in
conjunction with Afghanistan
• only choice was to prevent India from treating
Kashmir as a settled issue and to allow self-
determination to the kashmiris.
• Pakistan sent infiltrators to kashmir on assurance
given to Ayub Khanby Z.A. Bhutto thatindia would
not cross the international border.
• 6 sep 1965 india crossed the international border
and tried to capture lahore and Sialkot
• Lahore was saved due to BRB canal and pakistan
won at chawinda. Pakistan Navy took the Indian
port of dawarka.
• India captured kargill on 15 august 1965 and
returned after Tashkent declaration and remained
on Pakistan side till 1971.
 results
• Both sides claimed victory but intially and
subsquently both admitted defeat
• India did’t capture on lahore and pakistan and
Pakistan was failed in Kashmir
• There was a ceasefire after 17 days of fighting
 Third world relations
• All third world countries support pakistan except
malashiya
• China support pakistan
• During sino indian war USSR provide military and
weapon to India and Pakistan was surprized
• 1963 ayub khan signed sino boundary agreement
with China and develop their relations
• Chines wanted pakistan to remain steadfast and if
so , it would help pakistan and Ayub Khan threw
away this opportunity
USSR role and Tashkent declaration
• Tashkent is the capital of Uzbikstan and alexi N kosygin held this talk
• These talks lasted from 10 jan 1966 between Ayub Khan and Lal
Bhadur Shastri.
• India n wanted a no war Pact from Pakistan in order to put the
Kashmir dispute into permanat cold storage.
British stated thatproblem could be reached in four stages.
• Both sides stop fighting
• Both sides agree to return of status qua
• Meaures be taken to neutralize
• Future settlement of the whole problem of KashmirThe first two
stages would be inacceptable to pakistan unless followed by last
two.
This was the objective of Tashkent
 provisions
• Tashkent declarnedation finally signed 10jan 1966
• Discontinuous of hostile propaganda
• Restoration of full diplomatic representation
• The reaffirmation by both sides of their obligation
under United Nations Charter
• The withdrawl all armed personnel
• Machinary to continue joint India/pakistan
discussions on their issues of direct concern
 reaction
• Tashkent declaration was in favour of india
• Violent created due to Tashkent in Pakistan
because people of Pakistan want to solve the
Kahsmir Issue
• Due to this Pakistani masses was against ayub
Khan
• Another reason of his against is media highlight
the issue that Ayub Khan want to become
president of his son Gahar Ayyub
• Later movement resulted in Ayub resignation on
24 march 1969.