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Darcy'S Law: Groundwater Hydraulics Daene C. Mckinney
Darcy'S Law: Groundwater Hydraulics Daene C. Mckinney
Groundwater Hydraulics
Daene C. McKinney
1
Outline
• Darcy’s Law
• Hydraulic Conductivity
• Heterogeneity and Anisotropy
• Refraction of Streamlines
• Generalized Darcy’s Law
2
Darcy
http://biosystems.okstate.edu/Darcy/English/index.htm 3
Darcy’s Experiments
• Discharge is
hL
Proportional to P 1/g
– Area
L
– Head difference
P 2/g
Inversely proportional to v
h1 Q
– Length h2
A
• Coefficient of
,
Sand
ea
z1
Ar
column
proportionality is Datum z2
K = hydraulic conductivity plane
Q
h1 h2 h2 - h1 Dh
QA Q =- KA Q =- KA
L L L
4
Darcy’s Data
35
Set 1, Series 1
30 Set 1, Series 2
25 Set 1, Series 3
Flow, Q (l/min)
Set 1, Series 4
20
Set 2
15
10
0
0 5 10 15 20
Gradient (m/m)
5
Hydraulic Conductivity
• Has dimensions of velocity [L/T]
• A combined property of the medium and the fluid
• Ease with which fluid moves through the medium
6
Hydraulic Conductivity
7
Groundwater Velocity
• q - Specific discharge
Discharge from a unit cross-
section area of aquifer
formation normal to the
direction of flow.
• v - Average velocity
Average velocity of fluid
flowing per unit cross-
sectional area where flow is Q q Q
q v
ONLY in pores. A A
8
Example
h1 = 12m h2 = 12m
K = 1x10-5 m/s
f = 0.3 /”
5m
L = 100m
y
Circular hydraulic
head contours
Dh
K, conductivity,
Is constant q Specific discharge
Well, Q x
h1
h2 h3
h1 < h2 < h3
12
Specific Discharge vs Head Gradient
Experiment
Re = 10 shows this
Re = 1 Darcy Law
predicts this
a
q
tan (a)= (1/K)
-1
13
Estimating Conductivity
Kozeny – Carman Equation
• Kozeny used bundle of capillary tubes model to derive an
expression for permeability in terms of a constant (c) and
the grain size (d)
2 3 2
k cd d Kozeny – Carman eq.
180(1 )
2
14
Measuring Conductivity
Permeameter Lab Measurements
• Darcy’s Law is useless unless we can measure the
parameters
• Set up a flow pattern such that
– We can derive a solution
– We can produce the flow pattern experimentally
• Hydraulic Conductivity is measured in the lab with a
permeameter
– Steady or unsteady 1-D flow
– Small cylindrical sample of medium
15
Measuring Conductivity
Constant Head Permeameter
Outflow
Q
Sample
17
Heterogeneity and Anisotropy
• Homogeneous
– Properties same at every
point
• Heterogeneous
– Properties different at every
point
• Isotropic
– Properties same in every
direction
• Anisotropic
– Properties different in different
directions
• Often results from stratification
during sedimentation
K horizontal K vertical
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www.usgs.gov
Example
• a = ???, b = 4.673x10-10 m2/N, g = 9798 N/m3,
• S = 6.8x10-4, b = 50 m, f = 0.25,
• Saquifer = gabb = ???
• Swater = gbfb
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Layered Porous Media
(Flow Parallel to Layers)
Piezometric surface
Dh
h1
h2
datum
b1 K1 Q1
Q2 Q
3 b b2 K2
∑ 𝑏 𝑖 𝐾 𝑖=𝑏 𝐾´
𝑖=1
b3 K3 Q3
20
Layered Porous Media
(Flow Perpendicular to Layers)
Piezometric surface
Dh1
Dh2 Dh
Dh3
K1 K2 K3
Q
b
Q
3 𝐿𝑖 𝐿
∑ 𝐾 = 𝐾´
𝑖=1 𝑖
L1 L2 L3
L 21
Example
Flow Q
• Find average K
22
Flow Q Example
• Find average K
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Anisotrpoic Porous Media
• General relationship between specific
discharge and hydraulic gradient
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Principal Directions
é¶hù
• Often we can align the éq x ù éK xx 0
ê ú
0 ùê¶x ú
coordinate axes in the ê ú ê ú ¶h
êqy ú=- ê 0 K yy 0 úê ú
ê¶y ú
principal directions of ê
ëqz úû êë 0 0 K zz ú
ûê¶hú
layering ê
ë¶z ú
û
• Horizontal conductivity ¶h
often order of qx =- K xx
¶x
magnitude larger than qy =- K yy
¶h
vertical conductivity ¶y
¶h
qz =- K zz
K xx =K yy =K Horiz >> K zz =KVert ¶z
25
Flow between 2 adjacent flow lines
𝑑h
𝑞=𝐾 𝑑𝑚
𝑑𝑠
h
𝑑h=
𝑛
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Flow lines are
perpendicular
KU/KL = 1/50 to water table
contours
KU/KL = 50
27
Contour Map of Groundwater Levels
• Contours of
groundwater level
(equipotential lines)
and Flowlines
(perpendicular to
equipotiential lines)
indicate areas of
recharge and discharge
28
Groundwater Flow Direction
• Water level
measurements from
three wells can be used
Groundwater
to determine Contours
groundwater flow hi > hj > hk
direction Head Gradient, J hi hj
hk
h1(x1,y1)
h3(x3,y3)
z
y Groundwater
Flow, Q
h2(x2,y2)
x
29
Groundwater Flow Direction
Head gradient =
30
Groundwater Flow Direction
Head Gradient, J
h1(x1,y1)
h3(x3,y3)
z
Equation of a plane in 2D
y Groundwater
Flow, Q
3 points can be used to
define a plane h2(x2,y2)
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Groundwater Flow Direction
Negative of head gradient in x direction
Direction of flow
32
Example
Find:
y
Well 2
(200 m, 340 m) Magnitude of head gradient
55.11 m
Direction of flow
Well 1
(0 m,0 m)
57.79 m
x
Well 3
(190 m, -150 m)
52.80 m 33
Example
Well 2
(200, 340)
55.11 m
Well 1 x
(0,0) q = -5.3 deg
57.79 m
Well 3
(190, -150)
52.80 m 34
Refraction of Streamlines
y
• Vertical component of
velocity must be the same q1 Upper Formation
on both sides of interface K1 1
q y1 =q y2
q1 cos q1 =q2 sin q2
K2 2 x
• Head continuity along K 2 K1 q2
interface Lower Formation
h1 =h2 @ y =0
• So
K1 tan q1
=
K 2 tan q2
35
Consider a leaky confined aquifer
with 4.5 m/d horizontal hydraulic
conductivity is overlain by an
aquitard with 0.052 m/d vertical
hydraulic conductivity. If the flow in
the aquitard is in the downward
direction and makes an angle of 5o
with the vertical, determine q2.
𝐾
1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃1
𝐾 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃2
𝑜
0.052 𝑚 / 𝑑 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 5 )
4 .5𝑚 / 𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 2
𝑜
𝜃
2= 82.5
36
Summary
• Properties – Aquifer Storage
• Darcy’s Law
– Darcy’s Experiment
– Specific Discharge
– Average Velocity
– Validity of Darcy’s Law
• Hydraulic Conductivity
– Permeability
– Kozeny-Carman Equation
– Constant Head Permeameter
– Falling Head Permeameter
• Heterogeneity and Anisotropy
– Layered Porous Media
• Refraction of Streamlines
• Generalized Darcy’s Law
37
Example
Flow Q
38
Flow Q Example
z1 + z2 (15 m) + (15 m)
K v,A = = =3.90 m / d
z1 z2 15 m 15 m
+ +
K1 K 2 2.3 m / d 12.8 m / d
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