Chapter 10

Network Layer:

IPv4

Delivery, Forwarding,

and Routing

10.1
 10-1 NETWORK LAYER

The network layer responsible for the source to destination delivery of a packet, possibly

across multiple networks.

Network layer adds a header that the logical address of the sender and receiver to the packet.

Topics discussed in this section:

IPv4

IPv6

10.2
 10-1 NETWORK LAYER

An IPv4 address is 32 bits long and unique

10.3
 10-1 NETWORK LAYER

Each byte is 8 bits, each number in dotted decimal notation

is a value ranging from 0 to 255

10.4
 10-1 NETWORK LAYER

10.5
 10-1 NETWORK LAYER

10.6
 10-2 CLASSFUL ADDRESSING

The address space is devided into five classes: A, B, C, D and E

10.7
 10-2 CLASSFUL ADDRESSING

10.8
 10-2 CLASSFUL ADDRESSING

10.9
 10-2 CLASSES AND MASK

10.10
 10-2 CLASSLESS ADDRESSING

10.11
 10-2 CLASSLESS ADDRESSING

Example 16.9

A block of addresses is granted to a small organization. We know that one of the addresses is

205.16.37.39/28

10.12
 10-2 CLASSLESS ADDRESSING

Solution

The binary representation of the given address is

11001101 00010000 00100101 00100111

If we set 32-28 right most bits to 0, we get

11001101 00010000 00100101 00100000

or 205.16.37.32

If we set 32-28 right most bits to 1, we get

11001101 00010000 00100101 00101111

or 205.16.37.47

10.13
 10-2 CLASSLESS ADDRESSING

Example 19.9

A block of addresses is granted to a small organization. We know that one of the addresses is

205.16.37.39/26

a. Find first address?

b. Find last address?

c. The number of addresses?

10.14
 10-2 CLASSLESS ADDRESSING

10.15
 10-3 DELIVERY

The network layer supervises the handling of the packets by the underlying physical networks.

We define this handling as the delivery of a packet.

Topics discussed in this section:

Direct Versus Indirect Delivery

10.16
 Figure 10.1 Direct and indirect delivery

10.17
 10-4 FORWARDING

Forwarding means to place the packet in its route to its destination. Forwarding requires a

host or a router to have a routing table. When a host has a packet to send or when a router

has received a packet to be forwarded, it looks at this table to find the route to the final

destination.

Topics discussed in this section:

Forwarding Techniques

Forwarding Process

Routing Table

10.18
 Figure 10.2 Route method versus next-hop method

10.19
 Figure 10.3 Host-specific versus network-specific method

10.20
 Figure 10.4 Default method

10.21
 Figure 10.5 Simplified forwarding module in classless address

10.22
 10-5 UNICAST ROUTING PROTOCOLS

A routing table can be either static or dynamic. A static table is one with manual entries. A

dynamic table is one that is updated automatically when there is a change somewhere in the

Internet. A routing protocol is a combination of rules and procedures that lets routers in the

Internet inform each other of changes.

Topics discussed in this section:

Optimization

Intra- and Interdomain Routing

Distance Vector Routing and RIP

Link State Routing and OSPF

Path Vector Routing and BGP

10.23
 Figure 10.12 Autonomous systems

10.24
 Figure 10.13 Popular routing protocols

10.25
 Figure 10.14 Distance vector routing tables

10.26
 Figure 10.15 Initialization of tables in distance vector routing

10.27
 Note

In distance vector routing, each node shares its routing table with its

immediate neighbors periodically and when there is a change.

10.28
 Figure 10.16 Updating in distance vector routing

10.29
 Figure 10.20 Concept of link state routing

10.30
 Figure 10.21 Link state knowledge

10.31
 Figure 10.10 Dijkstra algorithm

10.32
 Figure 10.23 Example of formation of shortest path tree

10.33
 Table 10.2 Routing table for node A

10.34
 Figure 10.30 Initial routing tables in path vector routing

10.35
 Figure 10.31 Stabilized tables for three autonomous systems

10.36
 10-5 MULTICAST ROUTING PROTOCOLS

In this section, we discuss multicasting and multicast routing protocols.

Topics discussed in this section:

Unicast, Multicast, and Broadcast

Applications

Multicast Routing

Routing Protocols

10.37
 Figure 10.33 Unicasting

10.38
 Note

In unicasting, the router forwards the received packet through

only one of its interfaces.

10.39
 Figure 10.34 Multicasting

10.40