A transformer is a device that

uses the action of a magnetic

field to change ac electric
energy at one voltage level to
ac electric energy at another
voltage level.

Transformer
Lecture3
Need Transformers???
› When a transformer steps up the voltage level of a circuit, it
decreases the current because the power remains constant.
› The voltage is stepped up for transmission over long distances at
very low losses.
› The voltage is stepped down again for final use.
› The transmission losses are proportional to the square of the
current, raising the voltage by a factor of 10 will reduce the
transmission losses by a factor of 100.
› The voltage is increased by a factor of 10, the current is decreased
by a factor of 10. This allows the use of much thinner conductors to
transmit power.
Type and Construction of Transformers
The function of a transformer is to convert ac power from a voltage
level to another voltage level at the same frequency. The core of a
transformer is constructed from thin laminations electrically isolated
from each other to reduce eddy current losses (Fig. 3.1).
The primary and secondary windings are wrapped one on top of the
other around the core with the low-voltage winding innermost. This
arrangement serves two purposes:
› The problem of insulating the high-voltage winding from the core is
simplified.
› It reduces the leakage flux compared to if the windings were
separated by a distance on the core.
Type and Construction of Transformers
Type and Construction of Transformers
› The transformer that steps up the output of a generator to
transmission levels (110+ kV) is called the unit transformer.
› The transformer that steps the voltage down from transmission
levels to distribution levels (2.3–34.5 kV) is called a substation
transformer.
› The transformer that steps down the distribution voltage to the
final voltage at which the power is used (110, 208, 220 V, etc.) is
called a distribution transformer.
Type and Construction of Transformers
The Ideal Transformer
› An ideal transformer does not have any losses (Fig. 3.2). The
voltages and currents are related by these equations:
 𝑣 𝑝(𝑡 ) 𝑁 𝑝
= =𝑎
𝑣𝑠 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑁𝑠
𝑁 𝑝 𝑖𝑝 (𝑡)=𝑁 𝑠𝑖𝑠(𝑡 )
𝑖𝑝 (𝑡 ) 1
=
𝑖𝑠(𝑡 ) 𝑎

The equations of the phasor quantities are:

 𝑣 𝑝  𝐼 𝑝1
=𝑎 =
𝑣𝑠 𝐼𝑆 𝑎
The Ideal Transformer
› Power an Ideal Transformer
The power given to the transformer by the primary circuit is
 𝑃𝑖𝑛 =𝑉 𝑝 𝐼 𝑝 cos 𝜃 𝑝
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 =𝑉 𝑠 𝐼 𝑠 cos 𝜃𝑠
  where , is the angle between the primary voltage and current
and secondary voltage and current, respectively.
An
  ideal transformer does not affect the voltage and power angle, .
The primary and secondary windings of an ideal transformer have
the same power factor.
⟹  𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 =𝑉 𝑝 𝐼 𝑝 cos𝜃 𝑝=𝑃𝑖𝑛 ⟺
  𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡 =𝑉 𝑝 𝐼 𝑝=𝑉 𝑠 𝐼 𝑠 =𝑆 𝑖𝑛
⟹
  𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 =𝑉 𝑝 𝐼 𝑝 sin θ=𝑉 𝑠 𝐼 𝑠 sin θ=𝑄𝑖𝑛
Impedance Transformation Through a
Transformer
› The impedance of a device is defined as the ratio of the phasor
voltage across
V
it to the phasor current flowing through it.
Z  L

𝑉𝐿
L
I
L
 
𝑍 𝐿=
𝐼𝐿

Since a transformer changes the current and voltage levels, it also

changes the impedance of an element. The impedance of the load
shown in Fig. 3.3b is,
  𝑉𝑠   ′ 𝑉𝑝
𝑍 𝐿= 𝑍 𝐿=
𝐼𝑠 𝐼𝑝

 ⇒ 𝑍 ′ =𝑎 2
𝑍𝐿
𝐿
Impedance Transformation Through a
Transformer
Example
Single-phase
A
  single-phase power system consists of a 480-V 50-Hz generator
supplying a load through a transmission impedance .
Answer the following questions about this system.

1. If the power system is exactly as described above what will be the

voltage at the load? What will the transmission line losses be?
2. Suppose a 1:10 step-up transformer is placed at the generator
end of the transmission line and a 10:1 step-down transformer is
placed at the load end of the line What will the load voltage be
now? What will the transmission losses be now?
The Magnetizing Current in a Real
Transformer
When the ac power source is connected to a transformer, a current
flows in the primary winding, even when the secondary winding is
open-circuited. This is the current required to produce the flux in
ferromagnetic core. It consists of these components:

 1. The magnetization current . The current required to produce the

flux in the core of the transformer.
2. The core-loss current . The current required to make up for the
hysteresis and eddy current losses.
THE MAGNETIZING CURRENT IN A REAL TRANSFORMER

The magnetization current

caused by the flux in the
transformer core. The magnetization curve of
the transformer core
THE MAGNETIZING CURRENT IN A REAL TRANSFORMER
› Figure illustrates the variations of the current
required to produce the flux in the core.
The following observations can be made:
1. The magnetization current is not sinusoidal. It has
a higher-frequency component due to magnetic
saturation in the transformer core.
2. In the saturation region, a large increase in
magnetizing current is required to provide a slight
Figure: the magnetization increase in the flux.
current caused by the flux in 3. The fundamental component of the magnetization
the transformer core.
current lags the applied voltage by 90°.
4. The higher-frequency (harmonic) component of
the magnetization current increases as the core
is driven into saturation.
The Transformer Voltage Regulation and
Efficiency
The voltage regulation (VR) is used to compare the voltage
variations in transformers. The full-load voltage regulation is a
parameter that compares the transformer’s output voltage at no
load with the output voltage at full load.
It’s given by,
  𝑉 𝑠 , 𝑛𝑙 −𝑉 𝑠 ,𝑓𝑙
𝑉𝑅= × 100 %
𝑉 𝑠 , 𝑓𝑙
  𝑉𝑝
Since the secondary voltage at no load is given by 𝑉 𝑠 = 𝑎

  𝑉𝑝
− 𝑉 𝑠 ,𝑓𝑙
𝑎
𝑉𝑅 = × 100 %
𝑉 𝑠 ,𝑓𝑙
The Transformer Voltage Regulation and
Efficiency
The Transformer Phasor Diagram

Figure 3.13 illustrates a simplified equivalent circuit for a transformer.

The excitation branch (Rc and Xm) has a negligible effect on the
voltage regulation of the transformer.

The secondary voltage of the transformer depends on the magnitude

of the series impedances within it and on the phase angle of the
current flowing through it.

The primary voltage of the transformer is given by

 𝑉 𝑝
=𝑉 𝑠+ 𝑅 𝑒𝑞 𝐼 𝑠 + 𝑗 𝑋 𝑒𝑞 𝐼 𝑠
𝑎
The Transformer Voltage Regulation and
Efficiency
The Transformer Voltage Regulation and
Efficiency
Three-Phase Transformers
Most three-phase transformers are used in power generation and
distribution systems.
These transformers can be constructed from three single-phase
transformers connected in a three-phase bank (Fig. 3.20).
They can also be constructed by wrapping three sets of windings on
a common core (Fig. 3.21), is preferred because this transformer is
cheaper, smaller, lighter, and slightly more efficient.
Three-Phase
  Transformer Connections are connected as a wye () or
delta ()
Three-Phase Transformers
Transformer Ratings
Transformers have ratings for apparent power, voltage, current, and
frequency.

1. The voltage rating of a transformer is used to protect the winding

insulation from failure due to high voltage applied to it.

2. It also has a second purpose associated with the magnetization

current of the transformer. A 5 percent increase in the applied
voltage υ(t) will increase the flux in the core by 5 percent.
However, in the saturation region, a 5 percent increase in flux
requires a much larger increase in the magnetization current than
5 percent
 Transformer Ratings
a transformer
designed for 60Hz
operation can be
operated on 50Hz if
the applied voltage
is reduced by one-
sixth.
This is known as
derating the
transformer

Thus, at a specified voltage, this high magnetization current starts to

damage the insulation. The rated voltage is determined by the maximum
acceptable magnetization current.
Transformer Nameplate