CONTENTS

MIMO:
 WHAT IS MIMO?
 WHY MIMO?
 CHARECTERSTICS OF MIMO
• OFDM:

 WHAT IS OFDM?
 WHY OFDM?
 CHARECTERSTICS OF OFDM

• CHARACTERSTICS OF MIMO-OFDM
• IMPLEMENTATION OF MIMO-OFDM
• OUTPUT OF BER
 MIM
O Input Multiple Output (MIMO) is the use of multiple antennas
•Multiple
at both the transmitter and receiver toimprove communication
performance.

• It is one of several forms of smart antenna technology.

•MIMO technology offers significant increases in data throughput and

link rangewithout additional bandwidth or increased transmit power .

• It achieves this goal by spreading the same total transmitpower over the
antennas to achieve an array gain that improves the spectral efficiency
(more bits per second per hertz ofbandwidth) or to achieve a diversity
gain that improves the link reliability (reduced fading)

•MIMO is an important part of modern wireless communication.

 MIMO System Model
h11
s1 y1
h12

s2 . y2 User data stream

User data stream
. .
. .
. Channel
. .
sM Matrix H yM

s y
Transmitted vector Received vector
y = Hs + n
MT
h11 h21 …….. hM1 hij is a Complex Gaussian
random variable that models
h12 h22 …….. hM2
Where H = MR fading gain between the ith
. . …….. . transmit and jth receive
h1M h2M …….. antenna
hMM
 ADVANTAGES OF MIMO
Achieve
High data rate “Channel Capacity (C)”

Quality
Minimize Probability of Error
(Pe)

Minimize complexity/cost of
System
Real-life Issues Minimize transmission power

Minimize Bandwidth
ORTHOGONAL FREQUECY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

•OFDM is multi carrier modulation

•OFDM sub-carrier spectrum is overlapping

•In FDMA, band-pass filter separates each transmission

•In OFDM, each sub-carrier is separated by DFT because

carriers are orthogonal
•Each sub-carrier is modulated by PSK, QAM
OFDM SIGNAL SPECTRUM
 SCOPE OF MIMO-OFDM

Coupling MIMO and OFDM concepts to improve data

rates in downlink of wireless communication networks.

Analyzing the performance and building a prototype of

Wireless WAN’S using MIMO-OFDM

Use of adaptive loading algorithms such as Chows and

Compello’s.

Employing SVD (singular value decomposition) method to

increase the performance incase of MIMO
 ADVANTAGES OF OFDM
• Offers spectrally efficient transmission scheme
• Can be digitally implemented using, fast & efficient signal
processing
•Permits flexible use of spectrum
• Supports different modulation schemes based on channel
conditions
• Almost completely avoids the need for an equalizer
•Can easily adapt to severe channel conditions without complex
time-domain equalization.
•Robust against narrow-band co-channel interference.
•Robust against inter-symbol interference (ISI) and fading caused by
multipath propagation.
•Efficient implementation using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).
•Low sensitivity to time synchronization errors.
 DISADVANTAGES
HIGH PAPR
A number of independently modulated sub-carriers result in HIGH PAPR
Non-linear power amplifier, efficient, but cannot be used
Causing performance degradation due to high distortion & out of band radiations
High PAPR also increases complexity of ADC & DAC

FREQUENCY OFFSET
Sub-carriers are very close and overlapping
Even a small frequency offset will result in ISI
Causes of frequency offset:
Frequency mismatch in local oscillators of transmitter & receiver
Doppler shift
Phase noise caused in the channel

TIMING OFFSET
OFDM is slightly more tolerant to time offset, compared to frequency offset
Causes lack of precision in symbol boundaries, resulting in ISI
ISI occur only when time offset differs from CP duration
Causes phase change & may also result in frequency offset
SCOPE OF OFDM
OFDM has been widely accepted as a multi‑carriermodulation
technique over wireless channels.
ManyEuropean standards are based on OFDM. Examples
of such are the digital audio broadcasting (DAB) ,
the digital video broadcasting for terrestrial television
(DVB‑T) , the digital video broadcasting for
handheld terminal (DVB‑H) , the wireless local area
networks (WLANs) , the broadband radio access
networks (BRANs) , and the long‑term evolution
(LTE) – the fourth‑generation mobile communication
technology.
 CONCLUSION
•The results obtained from these tests indicate very good
performance for the MIMO-OFDM prototype.
•Concept is proving to be very robust in highly dispersive
channels
•Cost reduction is being investigated through various
methods
•Simulation results show that at any given BER the
adaptive SISO system will be outperformed by the
adaptive MIMO system
•Other future work areas involve the improvement of
MIMO processing complexity and practical
implementation issues.