P K Jain Pavement Design Illustrations

Pavement Design, Construction and
Maintenance for Bituminous Roads

Subject
Flexible Pavement
Participants
Assistant Engineer/Junior Engineer
Lecture 4
Pavement Design as per

IRC: SP: 72-2015
Illustrations
Example-1
Twenty four hour traffic counts over a period of 3 days taken
on a single lane rural road during the peak harvesting
season, yielded the following results for the
Average Daily Traffic:

Animal-drawn carts (Pneumatic Tyred) 15
Bicycles 357
Full-sized trucks 45
Agricultural Tractor-Trailers and Jugads 75
Cars and Jeeps 55
Motor cycles 350
Total 897
Example-1..contd..
There are two harvesting seasons in the area,
each having a duration of about 75 days and the
harvesting season traffic remaining at its peak for
15 days.
The above traffic count data was collected 2 years
before opening the road to traffic. The depth of
the Ground Water Table was found to be about 10
m below Ground Level.
 The average annual rainfall in the region is of the
order of 750 mm.
Example-1 ..contd..
The soil survey results show the subgrade soil type to be
CL with a Plasticity Index of 13.
The maximum dry density and optimum moisture
content were found to be 1.68 gm/cc and 12%
respectively.
The CBR sample prepared at OMC, and compacted to
MOD, yielded a CBR of 5.
The locally available materials include river gravel and
sand besides an overly plastic moorum with excessive
fines.
Determine the most appropriate pavement
thickness and composition requirements.
Solution-1
Computation of Design Traffic
Since the lean-season traffic data is not available, it is assumed
that the peak harvesting season traffic is double the traffic
during the non-harvesting season.
Referring to Fig. 1 of Chapter-2, n = 1, t = 75 days.
Average Daily Traffic during the non-harvesting season= 897/2

= 449
AADT = 449 + (1.2 x 449 x 75)/ 365 = 560
Assuming an initial annual traffic growth rate of 6%, before

opening of the road to traffic, AADT = 560 (1.06)2 = 629
Solution-1…contd..
From the given traffic count data, the proportions of HCV
and MCV out of the ADT of 629 work out as under:
Heavy Commercial Vehicles (HCV) = 32
Medium Heavy Commercial Vehicles (MCV) = 53
The Animal-drawn carts being pneumatic tyred have
not been considered for design purposes.
Therefore, Commercial Vehicles per Day (CVPD) to be
considered for design purposes= 32 +53 = 75. Since the
traffic count data does not give the proportion of unladen
and laden vehicles, it is assumed that these are equal in
number.
Taking the VDF values from para 1.4.3 of Chapter-2,
the ESAL applications per day= 60.42
Cumulative ESAL applications over 10 years @ 6%

growth rate.
= 4811 X 60.42
= 2,90,681
Evaluation of Subgrade Strength
Since the GWT is too deep to influence the subgrade
moisture, the design moisture may be close to the
optimum moisture content.
Referring to the Nomograph in Fig. given in Lecture-
2, for in-situ dry density of 1.68 gm/cc, GWT depth of
10 m PI of 13 and average annual rainfall of 75 cm, the
Equilibrium Moisture Content works out to about
11%.
The optimum moisture content of 12% being higher,
the CBR value of 5 may be taken for subgrade
strength.
Pavement Thickness and Composition
For cumulative ESAL applications of 2,90,681, referring to
the Traffic category in the range 2,00,000 to 3,00,000 (T5) and
the Subgrade category of CBR 5 to 6, from the charts, the
following two alternate designs may be adopted, based on
cost economics.
Using gravel base and sub-base:

A total thickness of 325 mm should be provided with the
composition given below:
Granualr Subabse : 175 mm
Base : WBM Gr. II (75 mm) and WBM
Gr. III (75 mm)
Surfacing : Surface Dressing (2 coat)
Using cement treated base and sub-base:
A total thickness of 225 mm should be provided.

Cement stabilized base : 100 mm
Cement treated sub-base : 125 mm
The specifications for a cement stabilized base and

sub-base, as per Clause 404 of the Specification for
Rural Roads should be adopted.
Example-2
on a single lane rural road leading to a quarry site during the
lean season, yielded the following results for the Average
Daily Traffic:

Bicycles 251
Agricultural Tractor-Trailers and Jug ads 90
Cars and Jeeps 62
Motor cycles 200
Total 688
Example-2..contd..
There are two harvesting seasons in the area, each
having a duration of about 75 days , the harvesting
season traffic remaining at its peak for 15 days.
before opening the road to traffic. Fifty percent of the
trucks were found to be laden and all are overloaded
to the extent of 20%. The depth of the Ground Water
Table was found to be about 10 m below Ground
Level.
order of 750 mm.
Example-2 ..contd..
The soil survey results show the subgrade soil type
to be CL with a Plasticity Index of 13.
respectively.
The CBR sample prepared at OMC, and compacted
to MOD, yielded a CBR of 5. The locally available
moorum contains excessive fines with high
plasticity.
Solution-2
In this case, n = 1, t = 75 days.
Average Daily Traffic during the non-harvesting season= 708

AADT = 688+170=858
Before opening of the road to traffic, AADT = 858(1.06)2 =

964, assuming an initial annual traffic growth rate of 6%.
considered for design purposes= 84 +126 = 210
Fifty percent of the trucks were found to be laden and
all are overloaded to the extent of 20 %.
Taking the VDF values from the guidelines, the ESAL
applications per day= 353
growth rate
= 4811 X 353= 1701780
Referring to the Nomograph in Fig. of Lecture-2, for
in-situ dry density of 1.68 gm/cc, GWT depth of 10 m
PI of 13 and average annual rainfall of 75 cm, the
11%.
strength.
For cumulative ESAL applications of 1701780 referring to
the Traffic category in the range 1,500,000 to 2,00,000
(T9) and the Subgrade category of CBR 5 to 6, from Fig. 1
and Fig.2 of Chapter-3 , the following two alternate
designs may be adopted, based on cost economics.
Using gravel base and sub-base:

The following composition need to be provided:
Sub -base - 200 mm
Base - 225 mm
Bituminous macadam - 50 mm
Surfacing (OGPC) - 20 mm with seal coat
Using cement treated base and sub-base:
Cement Treated Subabse : 100 mm

Cement Treated Base : 100 mm
Crack relief Aggregate interlayer : 75 mm
Bituminous Macadam : 50 mm
Surfacing (OGPC) : 20 mm
Example-3
Twenty four hour traffic counts over a period of 3 days was carried
out on an existing single lane rural road, which has been planned
to be rehabilitated. There is no definite harvesting season in this
area and the classified traffic volume (Average Daily Traffic)
observed from the survey considering the busy weekdays, is given
below:

Bicycles 300
Cars and Jeeps 70
Motor cycles 350
Total 865
Example-3..contd..
The above traffic count data was collected 1 year
before opening the road to traffic. The 4-days
soaked CBR test on a representative soil sample,
compacted to field density was found to be 3.5%.
The existing pavement has total crust thickness
of 150 to 200 mm in form of lateritic gravel or
moorum in the desired width.
Determine the additional pavement layers to
be laid on this existing pavement to
accommodate the traffic for a period of 10
years.
Solution-3
Since there is no definite harvesting season in the
project area, traffic volume as observed from the
survey will be same throughout the year.
AADT (same as ADT in this case) = 865
Before opening of the road to traffic, AADT = 865 *

(1.06)1 = 917, assuming an initial annual traffic
growth rate of 6%.
From the given traffic count data, the proportions of HCV and
MCV out of the ADT of 917 work out as under:
Heavy Commercial Vehicles (HCV) = 64
Medium Heavy Commercial Vehicles (MCV) = 80
The number of Commercial Vehicles per Day (CVPD) to be

considered for design purposes= 64 + 80 = 144.
Since the traffic count data does not give the proportion of un-
laden and laden vehicles, it is assumed that these are equal in
number.
Taking the VDF values from Chapter-2, the ESAL applications per
day= 115.8
Cumulative ESAL applications over 10 years @ 6% growth rate.
= 4811 X 115.8 = 5,57,114
For cumulative ESAL applications of 5,57,114, referring to the
Traffic category in the range 3,00,000 to 6,00,000 (T6) and
the Subgrade category of CBR 3 to 4, from the chart, the
following pavement composition is desired.
Modified or Improved Subgrade (CBR not > 10) : 150 mm

Granular Subbase (CBR not > 20) : 100 mm
Base (WBM GR-II with CBR not > 100) : 150 mm
Base (WBM Gr. III) : 75 mm
Surfacing (OGPC with Seal Coat) : 20 mm
As the existing crust of 150-200 mm of lateritic gravel
generally results in strength of CBR > 10%, this may be
considered equivalent to the Modified or Improved
Subgrade of 150 mm. Therefore, the additional layers to
be provided are:
Granular Subbase (CBR not > 20) : 100 mm

WBM GR-II : 150 mm
WBM Gr. III : 75 mm
Surfacing (OGPC with Seal Coat) : 20 mm
Example-4
on a single lane rural road during the peak harvesting
season, yielded the following results for the
Average Daily Traffic:

Bicycles 457
Full-sized trucks 9
Cars and Jeeps 15
Motor cycles 200
Total 761
Example 4..contd..
There are two harvesting seasons in the area,
each having a duration of about 75 days and the
harvesting season traffic remaining at its peak for
15 days.
before opening the road to traffic. The depth of
the Ground Water Table was found to be about 10
m below Ground Level.
order of 750 mm.
Example-4 ..contd..
The soil survey results show the subgrade soil type to be
CL with a Plasticity Index of 13.
respectively.
The CBR sample prepared at OMC, and compacted to
MOD, yielded a CBR of 5.
The locally available materials include river gravel and
sand besides an overly plastic moorum with excessive
fines.
Solution-4
Referring to Fig. 1 of Chapter-2, n = 1, t = 75 days.
Average Daily Traffic during the non-harvesting season= 761/2

= 380
AADT = 380 + (1.2 x 380 x 75)/ 365 = 474
Assuming an initial annual traffic growth rate of 6%, before

opening of the road to traffic, AADT = 474 (1.06)2 = 532
The Animal-drawn carts being pneumatic tyred have
not been considered for design purposes.
considered for design purposes= 6+38= 44 Since the traffic
count data does not give the proportion of unladen and
laden vehicles, it is assumed that these are equal in
number.
Taking the VDF values from para 1.4.3 of Chapter-2,
the ESAL applications per day= 16.35

growth rate.
= 4811 X 16.35
= 78 660
Solution 4…contd..
Referring to the Nomograph in Fig. given in Lecture-
2, for in-situ dry density of 1.68 gm/cc, GWT depth of
10 m PI of 13 and average annual rainfall of 75 cm, the
11%.
strength.
 For cumulative ESAL applications of 78660, referring to the Traffic category in the
range 60,000 to 1,00,000 (T3)and the Subgrade category of CBR 5 to 6, from the
design charts given in Fig 4, the following two alternate designs may be adopted,
based on cost economics.
(a) Using gravel base and sub-base:
A total thickness of 275 mm gravel base should be provided as per Fig 4. However
considering minimum gravel thickness of 100 mm ,balance 175 may be converted to
equivalent sub-base thickness using Fig 5 or Table 4considering that a material of CBR
30 % is available for sub base ,a sub-base thickness of 300 shall be provided as per the
specification for a gravel road as per clause no 402 of the MORD specification .
(b) Cement Treated sub base and base :A total thickness of 200 mm as per
Fig 6 shall be provided , The base shall be 100 mm and sub base also 100 mm .The
specification given in clause no 404 shall be adopted

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Pavement Design, Construction and

Maintenance for Bituminous Roads

Pavement Design as per

Average Daily Traffic:

Referring to Fig. 1 of Chapter-2, n = 1, t = 75 days.

Average Daily Traffic during the non-harvesting season= 897/2

Assuming an initial annual traffic growth rate of 6%, before

Cumulative ESAL applications over 10 years @ 6%

Using gravel base and sub-base:

A total thickness of 225 mm should be provided.

The specifications for a cement stabilized base and

Animal-drawn carts (Pneumatic Tyred) 25

In this case, n = 1, t = 75 days.

Average Daily Traffic during the non-harvesting season= 708

Before opening of the road to traffic, AADT = 858(1.06)2 =

Using gravel base and sub-base:

Cement Treated Subabse : 100 mm

Animal-drawn carts (Pneumatic Tyred) 10

AADT (same as ADT in this case) = 865

Before opening of the road to traffic, AADT = 865 *

The number of Commercial Vehicles per Day (CVPD) to be

Modified or Improved Subgrade (CBR not > 10) : 150 mm

Granular Subbase (CBR not > 20) : 100 mm

Average Daily Traffic:

Referring to Fig. 1 of Chapter-2, n = 1, t = 75 days.

Average Daily Traffic during the non-harvesting season= 761/2

Assuming an initial annual traffic growth rate of 6%, before

Cumulative ESAL applications over 10 years @ 6%

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