Rise of Zulfiqar Ali

Bhutto
Week 09
PAKISTAN STUDIES
COURSE CODE-PKS 101
REFRENCES

 Syed Mujawar Hussain Shah, Religion and Politics in Pakistan,

Islamabad:
 National Institute of Pakistan Studies, 1996
 Wilcox, Wayne. The Emergence of Bangladesh. Washington: American
Enterprise, Institute of Public Policy Research, 1972.
 Wolpert, Stanley. India and Pakistan Continued Conflict or
Cooperation?
 California: University of California Press. 2010.
 Ziring, Lawrence. Enigma of Political Development. Kent England:
Dawson & sons Ltd, 1980.
 ____________. Pakistan in the Twentieth Century, Oxford University
Press, 1997.
  
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was born on January 5, 1928. He was a Pakistani

politician who served as the President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973
and as the Prime Minister of  Pakistan from 1973 to 1977.
 He was the founder of the Pakistan People’s Party (PPP), which is one
of the largest political parties in Pakistan.
 His daughter Benazir Bhutto has also served twice as prime minister.
 Bhutto is often addressed as the Quaid-e-Awam .
War 1965

 Bhutto also helped Ayub Khan during the Indo-Pakistani War of

1965.
 Falling out with Ayub after the war, Bhutto founded the Pakistan
People’s Party in 1966, which won a majority of seats from West
Pakistan in 1970.
 He refused to accept the victory of the Awami League, leading to a
political and sectarian crisis.
 After the Bangladesh Liberation War, Bhutto took over as president
and the first civilian chief martial law adminstrator of Pakistan.
 In this capacity, he negotiated the Shimla Agreement with Indian
leader Indira Gandhi to establish peace.
Electionof 1977

 General Elections were held on March 7, 1977. PPP emerged as the

victorious Party.
 At the behest of General Ziaul Haq, PNA accused government of
rigging in the elections.
 Negotiations with PNA resumed. An Agreement was reached on June
8, 1977 for holding Fresh Elections on October 1977.
 On July 5, 1977 COAS General Zia-ul-Haq imposed Martial Law.
CONTI

 Zia’s Military Junta established a dummy government of PNA with

CMLA as President. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was arrested on July 5, 1977
and released on July 28, 1977.
 Re-arrested on September 3, 1977 from Karachi, on the charges of
murder case and was executed on April 4, despite a controversial
trial and protest.
Bhutto reforms

 Bhutto and his party came to rule by clamoring socialist reforms for
the poor and deprived classes of the state.
 ‘Rotti, Kapra aur Makkan’ was there frequently enchanted slogan.
 Bhutto’s economic policies were influenced by socialist ideas and
promises to the removal of feudalism.
 Rapid industrialization created a gulf between different societies
and exacerbated the grievances of people
Economically Reforms

 The main step in order to reform economic system of Pakistan was

the adoption of process of Nationalization.  
 Which was launched in early 70’s when Bhutto came to power. Land
Reforms, Labor Reforms, Banking system and finance corporations
were the main reforms in his era.
 Arab-Israel war 1n 1973 caused rapid inflation in order to curtail
that rupee was devalued which proved to be favorable for time being
and foreign also liquidated economy but after 2 years in 1974
inflation rose 20% to the previous growth.
Economically Reforms

 In Jan 1972, nationalization was introduced over thirty large firms in

ten industries.
 Then after few months this process exacerbated towards small and
medium industries.
 In 1974 Bhutto nationalized all private banks and in 1972 private
colleges were nationalized in time of two years and no compensation
was given to those people who owned them at first place.
 After this process Bhutto government owned about 2 billion of
assets which were used properly as they should have been.
 In 1976 public sector which was flouring rapidly had been
descended to fall on ground
Economically Reforms

  More than 3000 of small manufacturing units were nationalized.

 Banks and Finance corporations were nationalized in order to help
other deprived classes.
  The deformation and inefficiency seen in coming years regarding
previously nationalized institutions were the outcomes of Bhutto’s so
called economic reforms.
Bhutto Foreign Policy of Zulfiqar Ali

 As Foreign Minister, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto significantly transformed

Pakistan's hitherto pro-Western foreign policy.
 While maintaining a prominent role for Pakistan within the Southeast
Asia Treaty Organization and the Central Treaty Organization, Bhutto
began asserting a foreign policy course for Pakistan that was
independent from US influence.
Bhutto Foreign Policy of Zulfiqar Ali

 Z.A.Bhutto criticized the US for providing military aid to India during

and after the Sino-Indian War of 1962, which was seen as an
abrogation of Pakistan's alliance with the U.S.
 Bhutto worked to establish stronger relations with the People's
Republic of China.
 Bhutto visited Beijing and helped Ayub negotiate trade and military
agreements with the Chinese regime, which agreed to help Pakistan
in a large number of military and industrial projects.
Reviewing “Bhutto”

 Bhutto therefore glosses over the snags in Pakistan’s history where

Benazir Bhutto could be seen in a negative light and instead focuses
on the positive attributes of her life and journey.
 As a result, the film is more of a hagiography than an honest
documentary, immortalizing a courageous woman who held
steadfast to the conviction, "Democracy is the best revenge.
 " While such a portrayal is undoubtedly moving and inspirational, it
also fails to scratch the surface of the complexities of Pakistan’s
political landscape and society.
 It falls short of asking the questions of accountability and
transparency Pakistan really needs to move forward.
Pioneer of democracy in Pakistan

 Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was a modernizer.

 In the true spirit of Islam, he came to liberate people from
backwardness, illiteracy and poverty.
 He was convinced that the progress of the seething mass of
humanity living in bondage, fear and despair lay in the path of
enlightenment, in the path of moderation and in the path lit by social
progress.
 It was to build a modern state that he gave the country an Islamic,
Federal, Democratic, Egalitarian and unanimous Constitution.
Pioneer of democracy in Pakistan

 Bhutto made indelible imprints on world community by his inimitable

oratorical skills in United Nation's General Assembly and the Security
Council.
 He had the vision to build a strategic relationship with China at a
time when it was isolated.
 He was a firm believer in economic self reliance and political
independence.
Simla Accord

 The Simla Agreement, or Shimla Agreement, was signed

between India and Pakistan on 2 July 1972 in Shimla, the capital city
of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh.
  It followed from the Bangladesh Liberation war in 1971 that led to
the independence of Bangladesh, which was earlier known as East
Pakistan and was part of the territory of Pakistan.
 India entered the war as an ally of Bangladesh which transformed
the war into an Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.
 The agreement was ratified by the Parliaments of both the nations in
the same year
Details of the Simla agreement

 Both countries will "settle their differences by peaceful means

through bilateral negotiations".
  India has, many a times, maintained that Kashmir dispute is a
bilateral issue and must be settled through bilateral negotiations as
per Simla Agreement, 1972 and thus, had denied any third party
intervention even that of United Nations
Details of the Simla agreement

 The agreement converted the cease-fire line of 17 December 1971

into the Line of Control (LOC) between India and Pakistan and it was
agreed that "neither side shall seek to alter it unilaterally,
irrespective of mutual differences and legal interpretations".
  Many Indian bureaucrats have later argued that a tacit agreement,
to convert this LOC into international border, was reached during a
one-on-one meeting between the two heads of government.
#2
 However, Pakistani bureaucrats have denied any such thing.
  This identification of a new "cease-fire line" by both the states has
been argued by India as making United Nations Military Observer
Group in India and Pakistan insignificant.
 As according to India, the purpose of UNMOGIP was to monitor the
cease-fire line as identified in Karachi agreement of 1949 which no
longer exists.
 However, Pakistan have a different take on this issue and both
countries still host the UN mission
Lahore Summit (1974)

 The Second Islamic Summit Conference held from February 22-24,

1974 in Lahore was hosted by Pakistan and came to be known as the
Lahore Summit.
 It was an extra ordinary summit that was held on the proposal of
OIC Secretary General Tunku Abdul Rahman.
 The Second Islamic Summit Conference was called to discuss the
Middle East situation in the wake of Arab Israel war of October 1973
and the oil embargo imposed by Arabs.
 It was attended by the head of states, ministers and dignitaries from
Muslim countries all over the world.
Lahore Summit (1974)

 Some of the participant countries were Afghanistan, Algeria,

Bahrain, Bangladesh, Chad, Egypt, Gabon, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-
Bissau, Indonesia, Iran, Jordon, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait,
Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Oman, Pakistan,
Yemen, Qatar, Senegal, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey,
Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Palestine and Iraq.
 The Visiting delegations were warmly welcomed by the people of
Lahore.
Recommendations and suggestions

 Support was assured to Jordon, Syria, Egypt and Palestinian people

for their legitimate struggle for recovering of their lands.
 Palestine issue needs to be resolved, all those states having relations
with Israel were condemned and it was suggested that steps should
be taken to affirm Arab sovereignty over Jerusalem.
 For the enhancement of Islamic culture, solidarity and education the
Islamic Solidarity Fund was established.
Outcomes of the summit

 India had realized that even after the dismemberment of East

Pakistan. Pakistan did not stand alone but had large number of
friends with the some of the world’s wealthiest countries.
 Many Arab and Islamic countries had not yet recognized Bangladesh
as a separate country.
 In the atmosphere of Islamic fraternity generated by the Islamic
Summit, Pakistanis forgot the past and embraced Sheikh Mujeeb-ur-
Rehman along with the recognition of Bangladesh.
 After Pakistan’s recognition other Muslim countries also recognized
Bangladesh’s independent status.
Outcomes of the summit

 By this Summit the Islamic World accepted the status of Palestine

Liberation Organization (PLO) under Yasir Arafat as the sole
legitimate representative of Palestinian people.
 This acceptance strengthened the cause of Palestine in UN and
other international bodies and  Yasir Arafat said that Palestine was
born in Lahore.
 It brought up the solidarity and fraternity among the Muslim world
and made them aware of the worth of their resources especially of
oil.
Outcomes of the summit

 The Summit made it clear that Jerusalem was of profound

importance for Muslims and was religiously sacred for the entire
Muslim Ummah.
 It strengthened the Arabs, particularly Egypt in the post Arab-Israel
War 1973 negotiations
Fall of Bhutto

 The fall of the Z.A. Bhutto regime in 1977 is one of the most
misrepresented and misunderstood events in Pakistan history.
 For PPP Jiyalas, General Zia’s coup d’etat was one of the greatest
injustices and travesties of human history.
 Even for many of Bhutto’s opponents, hatred of Zia’s Islamist rule
means that Bhutto’s deposition is viewed as an act of militaristic
aggression..
Fall of Bhutto

 However, analysis of contemporary source material leads me to

disagree with both of these conclusions
: Bhutto nearly brought Pakistan to a state of civil war through his
intransigence (as Bhutto did during the 1971 secession of East
Pakistan) and Zia was compelled to step in before the situation
deteriorated beyond control. Zia’s removal of Bhutto from power
had widespread support in Pakistan.