Professional Documents
Culture Documents
EE394J10 DG Smart Grid
EE394J10 DG Smart Grid
Transformers
and
conductors
can now be
oversized
(remember
this aspect
for PEV and
PHEV
integration)
Microgrid’s area
5 © Alexis Kwasinski, 2010
Microgrids and the grid interaction
• Example of microgrid development. Initial normal power flow direction
Directional
Relay
• Is it possible to
change the grid’s
state fast enough to
prevent voltage
collapse due to loss
of stability caused by Directional
the sudden load Relay • What microgrid’s
changes introduced control action
by the microgrid? follows?
• Can the microgrid
stop injecting power
back into the grid
(i.e. prevents
islanding)?
Microgrid’s area
7 © Alexis Kwasinski, 2010
Microgrids and the grid interaction
• Example of microgrid operation. Islanding.
• If islanding occurs
the microgrid will
continue to provide
power to a portion of
the grid even though
the grid connection
upstream has been
interrupted.
CERTS microgrid (ac) NTT Facilities Sendai project (ac and dc)
9 © Alexis Kwasinski, 2010
Microgrids and the grid interaction
• dc microgrids integration with the grid
• The interface may or may not allow for bidirectional power flow.
Bidirectional power flow can be needed for:
•`Energy storage
• dc loads
- Motivated by needs in
availability improvements
“The NETL Modern Grid Initiative A VISION FOR THE MODERN GRID”, US DOE
12 © Alexis Kwasinski, 2010
The smart grid concept
• There are many views of what is In reality, a smart grid is not a single
concept but rather a combination of technologies and methods intended
to modernize the existing grid in order to improve flexibility, availability,
energy efficiency, and costs.
• Passive
transmission and
distribution.
• Lack of flexibility
• Vulnerable
• More robust
16 © Alexis Kwasinski, 2010
Smart grids
• Technologies and concepts:
• Distributed energy resources (generation and storage) are
fundamental parts. They provide the necessary active characteristics
to an otherwise passive grid.
• Intelligent metering.
• Grid modernization.
17 © Alexis Kwasinski, 2010
The Power-Net
• DOE view for a smart grid:
- “An electrical grid is a network of
technologies that delivers
electricity from power plants to
consumers in their homes and
offices.”
M B.T
W P.T
Ultracapacitors
or flywheels
(power buffer)
VS.
• Renewable sources do not have lifelines but they are not dispatchable,
they are expensive, and they require large footprints.
Monitoring points