Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Period of Nightingale
her education included the mastery
of several ancient and modern
language, literature, philosophy,
history, science, mathematics,
religion, art and music;
Fifteenth to Nineteenth Century
Period of Nightingale
she was determined to become a nurse since
she believed she was “called by God to help
others and to improve the well-being of
mankind”;
she visited Kaiserswerth and received
nurse’s training at 1850 for three months;
Fifteenth to Nineteenth Century
Period of Nightingale
the outbreak of the Crimean War gave
Nightingale an opportunity for
achievement;
Nightingale and her nurses transformed the
military hospitals by setting up diet
kitchens, a laundry, recreation centers, and
reading rooms, and organizing classes for
orderlies;
Fifteenth to Nineteenth Century
Period of Nightingale
after the war, Nightingale established the
Nightingale Training School for Nursed at
St. Thomas’ hospital in London; the school
served as a model for other training school;
as the founder of modern nursing, Florence
Nightingale established the first nursing
philosophy based on health maintenance
and restoration.
Stages of Nursing
Development of modern nursing
In the early twentieth century, a movement
toward a scientific, research-based defined
body of nursing knowledge and practice
was seen;
Stages of Nursing
Development of modern nursing
Nursing Education:
in 1923, the Rockefeller Foundation funded
a survey on nursing education, which
recommended that nursing schools be
independent of hospital and on a college
level;
in 1924, one of the schools of nursing was
set up at Yale University;
Stages of Nursing
Development of modern nursing
Nursing practice:
by 1920’s, nursing specialization was
developing;
the concept of the clinical nurse specialist
arose;
from period of Nightingale, the system of
nursing management has been improving.
Nursing in China
Ancient nursing practice
the concept of holism; care on the basis of
differential diagnosis;
From the middle period of 19th century to
the middle of the 20th century
During the latter half the 20th century
Concept of Nursing
3 stages of the concept of nursing:
disease centered, patient centered and
human health centered
International Council of Nurses, in 1973,
nursing is to assist the individual, sick or
well, in the performance of those activities
contributing to health or its recovery ,
preventing disease or peaceful death.
Concept of Nursing
The American
Nurses
Association, in
1980, nursing is
the diagnosis and
treatment of
human responses
to actual or
potential health
problems.
Tasks of Nursing
Relieving pains
Maintaining health
Restoring health
Promoting health and
wellness
Body of Nursing knowledge
Fundamental knowledge:
physical science
fundamental medical
psychological and social science
Knowledge specific to nursing:
clinical nursing: fundamental nursing,
specialty nursing, community nursing
nursing management
nursing education
Characteristics of a Profession
Has practitioners who are motivated by altruism
Can be taught through a process of professional
education.
Is basically intellectual (as opposed to physical).
Improves its techniques by the use of scientific
method.
Functions autonomously.
Nursing as a Profession, Kelly,1981
Clinical Nursing:
fundamental nursing, to meet basic needs of
clients;
specialty nursing, based on nursing science
and specialty theories, knowledge and skills;
Community-based health care, directed
toward a specific population or group within
the community
Dimensions of Nursing
Practice
Nursing Education:
based on nursing science and education theories;
controlled by the state education and health care guide.
Nursing Management:
systematic management of factors as nursing
professional staff, technologies, equipment,
information, financing.
Nursing Research:
Forms of nursing in
hospital
Orders,
Shifts of nurses:
Fundamental
day/night shift
nursing
Nursing in groups
Group A Group B
NURSING
HISTORY,
EDUCATION
AND
ORGANIZATION
Nursing: An Art…A Science
By using scientific knowledge in a humane
way, nursing combines rational, scientific
methods with caring behavior.
Nursing focuses not on the illness but the
client’s response to illness.
Historical Overview
Women who
cared for
others, but
who had no
formal
education,
often called
themselves
“practical
nurses.”
Early Practical Nursing Schools
For LPs/VNs.
Publication: AJPN (quarterly newsletter)
Nursing Organizations
National League for Nursing (NLN)
Purpose: To identify the nursing needs of society and to
foster programs designed to meet these needs.
Established 1952.
Accredits nursing education programs.
Conducts surveys to collect data on education programs.
Provides continuing-education programs.