Ciri-Ciri Koloid Liat & Koloid Organik Tanah: SUMBER: Myspace - Aamu.edu/users/monday - mbila/soils/SPS251Lecture07

CIRI-CIRI
KOLOID LIAT
&
KOLOID ORGANIK
TANAH
SUMBER: myspace.aamu.edu/users/monday.mbila/soils/SPS251Lecture07.ppt
Properties of Clay and

Organic Colloids
1. Introduction
2. Properties of Colloids
3. Types of Colloids
4. Structure of Colloids
5. Sources of Charge on Colloids
6. Reactions of Soil Colloids
Koloid Liat dan Koloid Organik
1. Soil colloids are organic and inorganic matter with

very small particle size and a correspondingly large
surface area.
2. Organic materials = Koloid humus
3. Inorganic materials = Koloid Liat }
Fraksi Koloid
4. Their small size, large surface area, and electrically
charged surface give them the advantage of being
highly reactive.
5. Their presence in soil give soil very large surface
area.
Ciri-ciri Umum Koloid
1. Size- Colloids are generally defined to be
less than 2 m in diameter.
2. Surface area- The smaller the particle size in

a given mass of soil, the greater the surface
area.
3. Surface Charge- Soil colloids carry positive or

negative electrostatic charges.
Ciri-ciri Umum Koloid
4. Adsorption of ions- Negatively charged soil

colloids attract positively charged ions (cations e.g
Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, H+, etc) while positively
charged colloids attract negatively charged ions
(anions e.g NO3-, SO42-, Cl-, etc).
5. Adsorption of water- Colloids attract and hold

large number of water molecules due to the polar
nature of water molecules.
Clay Crystal (Micelle)
1. A clay unit has different
layers
2. Each Layer is made up of
sheets
3. Each colloid particle
(micelle) attracts
thousands of cations to
the colloid surface by
electrostatic attraction.
4. Some cations will break
away from the swarm on
the surface and be
replaced by other cations
of equal charge in a
process called “Cation
Exchange” process.
5. The cations and anions
involved in the process
are called exchangeable
ions
Kelas Koloid Tanah
Soils contain different types of colloids, each with its

particular composition, structure, and properties.
The four main groups of colloids are as follows:
1. Crystalline silicate colloids

2. Noncrystalline silicate colloids
3. Iron and Aluminum Oxide colloids
4. Organic Colloids
Koloid Silikat Kristalin
1. The predominant type of colloids in
most soils is the crystalline silicate type Kaolinite
2. These colloids have a layered structure
(like pages of a book) -phyllosilicates.
3. Each layer consists of two to four sheets
of closely packed and tightly bonded
O2, Si, and Al atoms.
4. Their structure make them negatively
charged.
5. Members of this group differ in particle
shape, and adsorption of water and
ions.
6. Contoh: Kaolinite, Smectite, Mica, dll.
Mica
Struktur Umum Koloid Silikat Kristalin
Single silica tetrahedral structure Single Al/Mg Octahedral structure
Silica tetrahedral sheet Al octahedral sheet
Figure 2. Silicon tetrahedron sheet showing one
Figure 1. Silicon tetrahedron structure showing Figure 3. Aluminum octahedral structure
plane of oxygen ions bonded to two silicon ions in
a silicon ion in coordination with four oxygen showing aluminum in coordination with
two directions to form a sheet of silicon tetrahedrons
ions to form a tetrahedral structure. six oxygen ions.
with unbalanced charges on the apical O ions.
Figure 4. The structure of kaolinite (~0.7

nm thick from the bottom oxygen to the top Figure 5. The basic structure of 2:1 clay
Figure 3. Silicon tetrahedron sheet oxygen) showing apical oxygen ions of a minerals showing two silicon tetrahedral
in figure 2 turned upside down silicon tetrahedral sheet bonded with the layers on top and bottom and one
toward figure 3 (the Aluminum octahedral sheet to form a 1:1 layer aluminum octahedral layer in the middle of
octahedral sheet) mineral. the structure
Blok-blok Tetra dan Okta saling bersambungan membentuk bidang Si dan Al
(Mg) yang berselang seling dengan bidang O2 dan OH.
Susunan lembaran-lembaran dalam liat koloid
Kaolinite (Si4Al4O10(OH)8)- One sheet of tetrahedron bonded to

one sheet of octahedron
Smectite
Mica (muscovite)
Vermiculite
2:1:1. Chlorite
Koloid Silikat Non-Kristalin
• These clays consist of tightly bonded O2, Si, and
Al atoms, but they do not have ordered,
crystalline sheets.
– Examples = Allophane, immogolite
– These group of colloids are highly charged, and are

formed from volcanic ash.
Oksida Fe dan Al
1. These colloids are found in highly weathered
tropical environments.
2. They consist of Fe, Mn, and Al atoms in

coordination with O2 atoms.
3. Fe and Al oxides group of colloids consist of
crystalline sheets. But there are some members in
the group that may not be crystalline.
4. Their net charge range from slightly –ve to
moderately +ve.
Struktur Koloid Oksida
1. These are octahedral
sheets with either Fe or
Al in the cation
positions.
2. They do not have
tetrahedron sheets, and
they do not have Si in
their structure.
3. They do not have
isormorphous
substitution. Eg.
Gibbsite
[Al(OH)3]shown here.
4. Other examples are
Goethite (FeOOH),
Hematite [Fe2O3], etc.
Koloid Organik
1. These colloids are not
minerals
2. They are not crystalline
3. They consist of rings and
chains of C atoms bonded
to H, O2, and N.
4. Organic colloids have a net
–ve charge.
5. Humus particles are the
smallest colloids and
exhibit very high water
adsorbing capacity.
Organic Colloid
StruKtur Koloid Organik
1. Consists of large organic Structure of Humic Acid
molecules whose
chemical composition
varies.
2. Structure contains
complex series of C
chains and ring
structures with many
functional groups-
carboxyl, phenolic, and
alcoholic groups.
3. -Ve or +ve charges on
the humus colloid
develop as H+ ions are
either lost or gained by
these groups.
Sumber Muatan pada Koloid Liat
1. Isomorphic Substitution - during weathering, primary minerals
dissolve and recrystalize as secondary minerals
• During this process, one element may become substituted for

another element of similar size in the crystal structure without
changing the shape of the crystal.
• If the two elements do not have the same ionic charge, then an
unsatisfied net charge remains at that point in the crystal.
Common substitutions are Al+3 for Si+4, Mg+2 for Al+3, and Fe+2 for
Al+3, each leaving a net negative charge on the crystal. This
charge does not depend on pH, thus permanent charge or
constant charge.
Sumber Muatan pada Koloid Liat
2. Exposed hydroxyl groups (-OH-_ on the surfaces of clay
crystals. This accounts for most of the net negative charge in
Kaolinite and some of the charge in Montmorillonite,
Vermiculite and Illite.
3. Broken oxygen bonds at the edges of crystals. At the broken
edges of crystals, the small Al3+ and Si4+ ions are exposed to
weathering and may be lost. The remaining oxygen ions have
an unsatisfied net negative charge. This is an important source
of charge in all clays. E.g.
>SiOH2+ <------> >SiOH <--------------> >SiO- + H+
>AlOH2+ <------> >AlOH <--------------> >AlO- + H+
Adsorption (Penjerapan) Kation
Pertukaran Kation
• Cation exchange is the exchange of cations between
the soil and the soil solution..
– 2 Na+ + Ca-clay <-------------> Na-clay + Ca2+
• Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)- sum total of
exchangeable cations that a soil can absorb
– CEC is used as a measure of fertility, nutrient retention
capacity, and the capacity to protect groundwater from
cation contamination.
• Cation Exchange Capacity is a function of:
– Type and amount of clay
– Humus content
Adsorption (Penjerapan) Anion
Pertukaran Anion
Some common anions in the soil include: Cl-, HCO3-, CO32-,

NO3-, SO42-, HPO42-, OH-, F-, H2BO3-, MoO42-, etc. There
are ways that anions are retained against leaching:
1. Attraction by exposed cations along the edges of clay

crystals and exposed cations in humus colloids.
2. Adsorption of H2PO4-, SO42-, and MoO42- by Fe, and Al

oxides at low pH
Tropical soils, with lots of Fe, Al oxides, can have net AEC.
Sifat Tanah yang dipengaruhi oleh Adsorpsi Ion
1. nutrient availability- Exch cations are available

for plants.
2. leaching of electrolytes- retention of

substances prevents their movement through
the soil.
3. soil pH- CEC increases with increase in pH.
RINGKASAN
1. The colloids in soils are both organic and inorganic.
2. The size of colloids, structure of colloids (high surface area),
and Charges of soil colloids make them the center of chemical
and physical activity in soils.
3. The –ve and +ve charge sites they have attract ions and
molecules of opposite charge.
4. The replacement of one ion for another on the colloid surface
is called cation or anion exchange reaction
5. The total number of –ve colloid charges per unit mass is
termed CEC
6. That capacity influences sorption of contaminants, nutrient
availability, and pH of soils.

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CIRI-CIRI

Properties of Clay and

1. Soil colloids are organic and inorganic matter with

2. Surface area- The smaller the particle size in

3. Surface Charge- Soil colloids carry positive or

4. Adsorption of ions- Negatively charged soil

5. Adsorption of water- Colloids attract and hold

Soils contain different types of colloids, each with its

1. Crystalline silicate colloids

Silica tetrahedral sheet Al octahedral sheet

Figure 4. The structure of kaolinite (~0.7

Kaolinite (Si4Al4O10(OH)8)- One sheet of tetrahedron bonded to

– Examples = Allophane, immogolite

– These group of colloids are highly charged, and are

2. They consist of Fe, Mn, and Al atoms in

• During this process, one element may become substituted for

>SiOH2+ <------> >SiOH <--------------> >SiO- + H+

>AlOH2+ <------> >AlOH <--------------> >AlO- + H+

Some common anions in the soil include: Cl-, HCO3-, CO32-,

1. Attraction by exposed cations along the edges of clay

2. Adsorption of H2PO4-, SO42-, and MoO42- by Fe, and Al

1. nutrient availability- Exch cations are available

2. leaching of electrolytes- retention of

3. soil pH- CEC increases with increase in pH.

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